The effect of light (shown for 1 second) on the nerve cell membrane potential and on the rate of firing of the hypocretin (Hcrt) neurons, and the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein to the light exposure. Introduction: The sleeping process involves interactions between anterior hypothalamus (sleep promoting region) and posterior hypothalamus (region responsible for wakefulness). Hypocretin is released from the lateral hypothalamus and plays an important role in wakefulness. The loss of Hcrt is related to narcolepsy. The Hcrt cells are targeted genetically by ChR2 protein to deliver the light, deep inside the brain of freely moving mice. The photo stimulation of the brain awakes the sleeping mice.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 44, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of light (shown for 1 second) on the nerve cell membrane potential and on the rate of firing of the hypocretin (Hcrt) neurons, and the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein to the light exposure.

Introduction:

The sleeping process involves interactions between anterior hypothalamus (sleep promoting region) and posterior hypothalamus (region responsible for wakefulness). Hypocretin is released from the lateral hypothalamus and plays an important role in wakefulness. The loss of Hcrt is related to narcolepsy.

The Hcrt cells are targeted genetically by ChR2 protein to deliver the light, deep inside the brain of freely moving mice. The photo stimulation of the brain awakes the sleeping mice.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

When the light is reflected on the Hcrt neurons, they get activated and fire an action potential. The Hcrt cells are genetically modified, created by the fusion of ChR2 proteins to the cells. On exposing the ChR2 expressing hcrt cells to the light, the ChR2 protein gets activated, which then leads to activation of these cells.

As Hcrt cells are involved in the wakefulness, the mice get awakened from the sleeping situation. A 1 second of light exposure is similar to the 1 Hertz (Hz) of light frequency. More latency is observed between the awakened and the sleeping states of mice when exposed to the light only for a second.

Conclusion

Thus, the membrane potential of the nerve cell changes on getting exposed to the light. The ChR2 expressing hypocretin neurons get activated because of photoactivation of the ChR2 protein, as a result, the hcrt neurons fire action potentials.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

None

Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 44, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of light (shown for 1 second) on the nerve cell membrane potential and on the rate of firing of the hypocretin (Hcrt) neurons, and the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein to the light exposure.

Introduction:

The sleeping process involves interactions between anterior hypothalamus (sleep promoting region) and posterior hypothalamus (region responsible for wakefulness). Hypocretin is released from the lateral hypothalamus and plays an important role in wakefulness. The loss of Hcrt is related to narcolepsy.

The Hcrt cells are targeted genetically by ChR2 protein to deliver the light, deep inside the brain of freely moving mice. The photo stimulation of the brain awakes the sleeping mice.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

When the light is reflected on the Hcrt neurons, they get activated and fire an action potential. The Hcrt cells are genetically modified, created by the fusion of ChR2 proteins to the cells. On exposing the ChR2 expressing hcrt cells to the light, the ChR2 protein gets activated, which then leads to activation of these cells.

As Hcrt cells are involved in the wakefulness, the mice get awakened from the sleeping situation. A 1 second of light exposure is similar to the 1 Hertz (Hz) of light frequency. More latency is observed between the awakened and the sleeping states of mice when exposed to the light only for a second.

Conclusion

Thus, the membrane potential of the nerve cell changes on getting exposed to the light. The ChR2 expressing hypocretin neurons get activated because of photoactivation of the ChR2 protein, as a result, the hcrt neurons fire action potentials.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 44, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of light (shown for 1 second) on the nerve cell membrane potential and on the rate of firing of the hypocretin (Hcrt) neurons, and the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein to the light exposure.

Introduction:

The sleeping process involves interactions between anterior hypothalamus (sleep promoting region) and posterior hypothalamus (region responsible for wakefulness). Hypocretin is released from the lateral hypothalamus and plays an important role in wakefulness. The loss of Hcrt is related to narcolepsy.

The Hcrt cells are targeted genetically by ChR2 protein to deliver the light, deep inside the brain of freely moving mice. The photo stimulation of the brain awakes the sleeping mice.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

When the light is reflected on the Hcrt neurons, they get activated and fire an action potential. The Hcrt cells are genetically modified, created by the fusion of ChR2 proteins to the cells. On exposing the ChR2 expressing hcrt cells to the light, the ChR2 protein gets activated, which then leads to activation of these cells.

As Hcrt cells are involved in the wakefulness, the mice get awakened from the sleeping situation. A 1 second of light exposure is similar to the 1 Hertz (Hz) of light frequency. More latency is observed between the awakened and the sleeping states of mice when exposed to the light only for a second.

Conclusion

Thus, the membrane potential of the nerve cell changes on getting exposed to the light. The ChR2 expressing hypocretin neurons get activated because of photoactivation of the ChR2 protein, as a result, the hcrt neurons fire action potentials.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 44, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of light (shown for 1 second) on the nerve cell membrane potential and on the rate of firing of the hypocretin (Hcrt) neurons, and the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein to the light exposure.

Introduction:

The sleeping process involves interactions between anterior hypothalamus (sleep promoting region) and posterior hypothalamus (region responsible for wakefulness). Hypocretin is released from the lateral hypothalamus and plays an important role in wakefulness. The loss of Hcrt is related to narcolepsy.

The Hcrt cells are targeted genetically by ChR2 protein to deliver the light, deep inside the brain of freely moving mice. The photo stimulation of the brain awakes the sleeping mice.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

When the light is reflected on the Hcrt neurons, they get activated and fire an action potential. The Hcrt cells are genetically modified, created by the fusion of ChR2 proteins to the cells. On exposing the ChR2 expressing hcrt cells to the light, the ChR2 protein gets activated, which then leads to activation of these cells.

As Hcrt cells are involved in the wakefulness, the mice get awakened from the sleeping situation. A 1 second of light exposure is similar to the 1 Hertz (Hz) of light frequency. More latency is observed between the awakened and the sleeping states of mice when exposed to the light only for a second.

Conclusion

Thus, the membrane potential of the nerve cell changes on getting exposed to the light. The ChR2 expressing hypocretin neurons get activated because of photoactivation of the ChR2 protein, as a result, the hcrt neurons fire action potentials.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 44, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of light (shown for 1 second) on the nerve cell membrane potential and on the rate of firing of the hypocretin (Hcrt) neurons, and the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein to the light exposure.

Introduction:

The sleeping process involves interactions between anterior hypothalamus (sleep promoting region) and posterior hypothalamus (region responsible for wakefulness). Hypocretin is released from the lateral hypothalamus and plays an important role in wakefulness. The loss of Hcrt is related to narcolepsy.

The Hcrt cells are targeted genetically by ChR2 protein to deliver the light, deep inside the brain of freely moving mice. The photo stimulation of the brain awakes the sleeping mice.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

When the light is reflected on the Hcrt neurons, they get activated and fire an action potential. The Hcrt cells are genetically modified, created by the fusion of ChR2 proteins to the cells. On exposing the ChR2 expressing hcrt cells to the light, the ChR2 protein gets activated, which then leads to activation of these cells.

As Hcrt cells are involved in the wakefulness, the mice get awakened from the sleeping situation. A 1 second of light exposure is similar to the 1 Hertz (Hz) of light frequency. More latency is observed between the awakened and the sleeping states of mice when exposed to the light only for a second.

Conclusion

Thus, the membrane potential of the nerve cell changes on getting exposed to the light. The ChR2 expressing hypocretin neurons get activated because of photoactivation of the ChR2 protein, as a result, the hcrt neurons fire action potentials.

Answer 6

Chapter 44, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of light (shown for 1 second) on the nerve cell membrane potential and on the rate of firing of the hypocretin (Hcrt) neurons, and the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein to the light exposure.

Introduction:

The sleeping process involves interactions between anterior hypothalamus (sleep promoting region) and posterior hypothalamus (region responsible for wakefulness). Hypocretin is released from the lateral hypothalamus and plays an important role in wakefulness. The loss of Hcrt is related to narcolepsy.

The Hcrt cells are targeted genetically by ChR2 protein to deliver the light, deep inside the brain of freely moving mice. The photo stimulation of the brain awakes the sleeping mice.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

When the light is reflected on the Hcrt neurons, they get activated and fire an action potential. The Hcrt cells are genetically modified, created by the fusion of ChR2 proteins to the cells. On exposing the ChR2 expressing hcrt cells to the light, the ChR2 protein gets activated, which then leads to activation of these cells.

As Hcrt cells are involved in the wakefulness, the mice get awakened from the sleeping situation. A 1 second of light exposure is similar to the 1 Hertz (Hz) of light frequency. More latency is observed between the awakened and the sleeping states of mice when exposed to the light only for a second.

Conclusion

Thus, the membrane potential of the nerve cell changes on getting exposed to the light. The ChR2 expressing hypocretin neurons get activated because of photoactivation of the ChR2 protein, as a result, the hcrt neurons fire action potentials.

Answer 7

Chapter 44, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effect of light (shown for 1 second) on the nerve cell membrane potential and on the rate of firing of the hypocretin (Hcrt) neurons, and the response of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) protein to the light exposure.

Introduction:

The sleeping process involves interactions between anterior hypothalamus (sleep promoting region) and posterior hypothalamus (region responsible for wakefulness). Hypocretin is released from the lateral hypothalamus and plays an important role in wakefulness. The loss of Hcrt is related to narcolepsy.

The Hcrt cells are targeted genetically by ChR2 protein to deliver the light, deep inside the brain of freely moving mice. The photo stimulation of the brain awakes the sleeping mice.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

When the light is reflected on the Hcrt neurons, they get activated and fire an action potential. The Hcrt cells are genetically modified, created by the fusion of ChR2 proteins to the cells. On exposing the ChR2 expressing hcrt cells to the light, the ChR2 protein gets activated, which then leads to activation of these cells.

As Hcrt cells are involved in the wakefulness, the mice get awakened from the sleeping situation. A 1 second of light exposure is similar to the 1 Hertz (Hz) of light frequency. More latency is observed between the awakened and the sleeping states of mice when exposed to the light only for a second.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, the membrane potential of the nerve cell changes on getting exposed to the light. The ChR2 expressing hypocretin neurons get activated because of photoactivation of the ChR2 protein, as a result, the hcrt neurons fire action potentials.

Answer 12

Ch. 44.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 44.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 44.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 44.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 44.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 44.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 44.2 - Prob. 4R Ch. 44.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 44.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 44.3 - Prob. 3R

Videos

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 44 Solutions