Three mechanisms that allow pathogens to evade immune system. Introduction: Pathogens are infectious organisms that infect any of their host organisms, and they reside, grow and multiply in the host. They use the metabolic machinery of the host organism and cause disease in its host. Pathogens can be internal or external. They can be any microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi . The function of immune system of humans is to detect these pathogens and eliminate them from the body.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 41.5, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Three mechanisms that allow pathogens to evade immune system.

Introduction:

Pathogens are infectious organisms that infect any of their host organisms, and they reside, grow and multiply in the host. They use the metabolic machinery of the host organism and cause disease in its host. Pathogens can be internal or external. They can be any microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The function of immune system of humans is to detect these pathogens and eliminate them from the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

There are some ways in which a microorganism can evades from the attack of host’s immune system. They are as follows:

1. Some microorganisms evade the immune system of the host by antigenic drift. The process of genetic drift refers to the change that occurs in the genome of the organism due to mutation. This is more common in viruses.

2. Some microorganisms change the surface molecules by the process of antigenic variations. For example, malarial parasite. It is the process in which an antigenic variation expresses only one gene and then it changes it.

3. Some microorganisms grow slowly and thus remain unrecognized by the host immune system. Thus, they evade the attack of cells from the host immune system.

Conclusion

The three ways in which microorganisms evade the attack of immune system of host are: antigenic variation, antigenic drift and slow growth.

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Students have asked these similar questions

a. What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent. b. What will happen to elimination of the drug in the previous question if the system is saturated? explain and show any math involved

If you wanted to reduce the difference between peak and trough levels that occur with repeated administration of a drug, how would you adjust the dose and dose interval without changing the plateau concentration (plateau is the average of peak and trough levels)? Select your answers for both dose and interval. Hint: It may be helpful to think about this problem using an example such as food. How would you eat if you wanted to maintain very steady hunger/satiety levels without changing your total caloric intake? Options: A. Dose; Increase dose B. Dose; Decrease dose C. Dose; Do not change dose D. Interval; Increase the interval between doses (give the drug less frequently) E. Interval; Decrease the interval between doses (give the drug more frequently) F. Interval; Do not change the interval

What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent. Show the math

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 41.5, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Three mechanisms that allow pathogens to evade immune system.

Introduction:

Pathogens are infectious organisms that infect any of their host organisms, and they reside, grow and multiply in the host. They use the metabolic machinery of the host organism and cause disease in its host. Pathogens can be internal or external. They can be any microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The function of immune system of humans is to detect these pathogens and eliminate them from the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

There are some ways in which a microorganism can evades from the attack of host’s immune system. They are as follows:

1. Some microorganisms evade the immune system of the host by antigenic drift. The process of genetic drift refers to the change that occurs in the genome of the organism due to mutation. This is more common in viruses.

2. Some microorganisms change the surface molecules by the process of antigenic variations. For example, malarial parasite. It is the process in which an antigenic variation expresses only one gene and then it changes it.

3. Some microorganisms grow slowly and thus remain unrecognized by the host immune system. Thus, they evade the attack of cells from the host immune system.

Conclusion

The three ways in which microorganisms evade the attack of immune system of host are: antigenic variation, antigenic drift and slow growth.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 41.5, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Three mechanisms that allow pathogens to evade immune system.

Introduction:

Pathogens are infectious organisms that infect any of their host organisms, and they reside, grow and multiply in the host. They use the metabolic machinery of the host organism and cause disease in its host. Pathogens can be internal or external. They can be any microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The function of immune system of humans is to detect these pathogens and eliminate them from the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

There are some ways in which a microorganism can evades from the attack of host’s immune system. They are as follows:

1. Some microorganisms evade the immune system of the host by antigenic drift. The process of genetic drift refers to the change that occurs in the genome of the organism due to mutation. This is more common in viruses.

2. Some microorganisms change the surface molecules by the process of antigenic variations. For example, malarial parasite. It is the process in which an antigenic variation expresses only one gene and then it changes it.

3. Some microorganisms grow slowly and thus remain unrecognized by the host immune system. Thus, they evade the attack of cells from the host immune system.

Conclusion

The three ways in which microorganisms evade the attack of immune system of host are: antigenic variation, antigenic drift and slow growth.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 41.5, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Three mechanisms that allow pathogens to evade immune system.

Introduction:

Pathogens are infectious organisms that infect any of their host organisms, and they reside, grow and multiply in the host. They use the metabolic machinery of the host organism and cause disease in its host. Pathogens can be internal or external. They can be any microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The function of immune system of humans is to detect these pathogens and eliminate them from the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

There are some ways in which a microorganism can evades from the attack of host’s immune system. They are as follows:

1. Some microorganisms evade the immune system of the host by antigenic drift. The process of genetic drift refers to the change that occurs in the genome of the organism due to mutation. This is more common in viruses.

2. Some microorganisms change the surface molecules by the process of antigenic variations. For example, malarial parasite. It is the process in which an antigenic variation expresses only one gene and then it changes it.

3. Some microorganisms grow slowly and thus remain unrecognized by the host immune system. Thus, they evade the attack of cells from the host immune system.

Conclusion

The three ways in which microorganisms evade the attack of immune system of host are: antigenic variation, antigenic drift and slow growth.

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Answer 5

Chapter 41.5, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Three mechanisms that allow pathogens to evade immune system.

Introduction:

Pathogens are infectious organisms that infect any of their host organisms, and they reside, grow and multiply in the host. They use the metabolic machinery of the host organism and cause disease in its host. Pathogens can be internal or external. They can be any microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The function of immune system of humans is to detect these pathogens and eliminate them from the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

There are some ways in which a microorganism can evades from the attack of host’s immune system. They are as follows:

1. Some microorganisms evade the immune system of the host by antigenic drift. The process of genetic drift refers to the change that occurs in the genome of the organism due to mutation. This is more common in viruses.

2. Some microorganisms change the surface molecules by the process of antigenic variations. For example, malarial parasite. It is the process in which an antigenic variation expresses only one gene and then it changes it.

3. Some microorganisms grow slowly and thus remain unrecognized by the host immune system. Thus, they evade the attack of cells from the host immune system.

Conclusion

The three ways in which microorganisms evade the attack of immune system of host are: antigenic variation, antigenic drift and slow growth.

Answer 6

Chapter 41.5, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Three mechanisms that allow pathogens to evade immune system.

Introduction:

Pathogens are infectious organisms that infect any of their host organisms, and they reside, grow and multiply in the host. They use the metabolic machinery of the host organism and cause disease in its host. Pathogens can be internal or external. They can be any microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The function of immune system of humans is to detect these pathogens and eliminate them from the body.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

There are some ways in which a microorganism can evades from the attack of host’s immune system. They are as follows:

1. Some microorganisms evade the immune system of the host by antigenic drift. The process of genetic drift refers to the change that occurs in the genome of the organism due to mutation. This is more common in viruses.

2. Some microorganisms change the surface molecules by the process of antigenic variations. For example, malarial parasite. It is the process in which an antigenic variation expresses only one gene and then it changes it.

3. Some microorganisms grow slowly and thus remain unrecognized by the host immune system. Thus, they evade the attack of cells from the host immune system.

Conclusion

The three ways in which microorganisms evade the attack of immune system of host are: antigenic variation, antigenic drift and slow growth.

Answer 7

Chapter 41.5, Problem 14SAQ

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Three mechanisms that allow pathogens to evade immune system.

Introduction:

Pathogens are infectious organisms that infect any of their host organisms, and they reside, grow and multiply in the host. They use the metabolic machinery of the host organism and cause disease in its host. Pathogens can be internal or external. They can be any microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The function of immune system of humans is to detect these pathogens and eliminate them from the body.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

There are some ways in which a microorganism can evades from the attack of host’s immune system. They are as follows:

1. Some microorganisms evade the immune system of the host by antigenic drift. The process of genetic drift refers to the change that occurs in the genome of the organism due to mutation. This is more common in viruses.

2. Some microorganisms change the surface molecules by the process of antigenic variations. For example, malarial parasite. It is the process in which an antigenic variation expresses only one gene and then it changes it.

3. Some microorganisms grow slowly and thus remain unrecognized by the host immune system. Thus, they evade the attack of cells from the host immune system.