Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134093413
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 40.1, Problem 3CC
WHAT IF? Ø Suppose you are standing at the edge of a cliff and suddenly slip, barely managing to keep your balance and avoid falling. As your heart races, you feel a burst of energy, due in part to a surge of blood into dilated (widened) vessels in your muscles and an upward spike in the level of glucose in your blood. Why might you expect that this "fight-or-flight" response requires both the nervous and endocrine systems?
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WHAT IF? Suppose you are standing at the edge of acliff and suddenly slip, barely managing to keep yourbalance and avoid falling. As your heart races, you feela burst of energy, due in part to a surge of blood intodilated (widened) vessels in your muscles and an upwardspike in the level of glucose in your blood. Why mightyou expect that this “fight-or-flight” response requiresboth the nervous and endocrine systems?
20. The figure below shows the pathway through which nitric oxide (NO) triggers smooth muscle relaxation in a blood-
vessel wall. Which of the following situations would lead to relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in the absence of
acetylcholine?
arginine
Answer:
activated.
nerve terminal
-acetylcholine
NO
endothelial cell
RAPID DIFFUSION OF NO
ACROSS MEMBRANES
NO bound to
guanylyl cyclase
GTP
cyclic
GMP
RAPID RELAXATION
OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL
smooth muscle cell
A) A smooth muscle cell that has a defect in guanylyl cyclase such that it cannot bind NO
B) A muscle cell that has a defect in guanylyl cyclase such that it constitutively converts GTP to cyclic GMP
C) A muscle cell that has cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase constitutively active
D) A drug that blocks an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway from arginine to NO
E) None of the above
Explanation:
20
Chapter 40 Solutions
Campbell Biology (11th Edition)
Ch. 40.1 - What properties do all types of epithelia share?Ch. 40.1 - VISUAL SKILLS Consider the idealized animal in...Ch. 40.1 - WHAT IF? Suppose you are standing at the edge of...Ch. 40.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How does negative feedback in...Ch. 40.2 - If you were deciding where to put the thermostat...Ch. 40.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 40.3 - Flowers differ in how much sunlight they absorb....Ch. 40.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40.4 - If a mouse and a small lizard of the same mass...
Ch. 40.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 40.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 40 - Prob. 40.1CRCh. 40 - Is it accurate to define homeostasis as a constant...Ch. 40 - Given that humans thermoregulate, explain why your...Ch. 40 - Why do small animals breathe more rapidly than...Ch. 40 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. The body...Ch. 40 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 40 - Consider the energy budgets for a human, an...Ch. 40 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 40 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION In 1847, the German biologist...Ch. 40 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Eastern tent caterpillars...Ch. 40 - SCIENCE. TECHNOLOGY. AND SOCIETY Medical...Ch. 40 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ENERGY AND MATTER In a short...Ch. 40 - 13. SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE These macaques...
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- The fight-or-flight reaction prepares an animal to Pesponu Lu a threatening situation, by either fighting or running away. One aspect of this response is changes in blood flow such that the skeletal muscles and heart receive higher blood flow (vessels dilate) while digestive organs receive less (vessels constrict). A) Which signal molecule(s) is/are involved in this response, and how do they produce these changes in blood vessels? Briefly explain how this example illustrates how different cells are able to use the same ligands in different ways.arrow_forwardDon't copy from Googlearrow_forwardNeurotransmitters and their respective receptors influence the propagation of action potentials. Why does ACh release at skeletal muscles cause excitation and muscle contractions whereas ACh release at the heart causes inhibition and a slowing down of the heart rate and force of heart contractions? O the ACh released at skeletal muscles and the heart are not similar skeletal muscles have more ACh receptors the properties of the ACh receptors are different a and b « Previous Nextarrow_forward
- I did this pathway, but it is not completed. Still need to add G-protein moving along membrane, indicate amplifier enzyme and second messengers, etc.arrow_forwardthreshold resting membrane potential decrease calcium channels increase action potentials The autonomic nervous system influences the heart rate. A sympathetic signal (norepinephrine) results in opening. This accelerates the process of reaching thereby resulting in a in time between successive action potentials. A parasympathetic signal (acetylcholine) results in the dropping to -70mV. This results in an in time for cells to reach threshold, thereby increasing the time between successivearrow_forward3. When adrenaline binds to adrenergic receptors on the surface of skeletal muscle cells, it activates the beta2 adrenergic signalling pathway. Indicate how glycogen levels would be affected in the presence of adrenaline in the following skeletal muscle cells, which have defects in intracellular signalling components of the beta2 adrenergic pathway. Would they be higher or lower than in normal cells treated with adrenaline, and why? (a) cells that lack adenylyl cyclase (b) cells that lack the GPCR (c) cells that lack CAMP phosphodiesterase (d) cells that have an a subunit that cannot hydrolyse GTP but can interact properly with the B and y subunitsarrow_forward
- garrow_forward4. Na+ channels and Action Potential Initiation. Action potentials are often initiated at the axon hillock, where the axon leaves the cell body. The axon hillock has a high density of Na+ channels, which lowers the threshold for initiating an action potential. MetaNeuron can be used to measure the effect of Na+ channel density on the threshold of action potential generation. Vary "gNa max" from 200 to 380 mS/cm2 in 20 mS/cm2 steps. (Na+ channel density is proportional to gNa max.) For each "gNa max" value, determine the threshold stimulus amplitude (in μA) for initiating an action potential. Plot the threshold current as a function of gNa max. Why does the action potential threshold vary as Na+ channel density is changed? 5. Action Potential Membrane Conductances. Starting with the default parameter values. Select "Show ionic conductances" in the "Conductances and Currents" window. The green and blue Iraces show the time course of the Na+ and K+ conductances that are activated during…arrow_forwardtaw a graph representing the changes in membrane potential across the axonal membrane before, during, and after an action potential, On your graph, use a highlighter to clearly indicate for which portions of your graph the letter corresponding to each cellular event listed below belongs. List of cellular events: A) All K* channels open B) All Nat channels close C) The Na*/K* ATPase cotransporter transports Nat and K* across the membrane. D) All Na* channels open E) The threshold value of membrane potential is attained. F) All K* channels close G) Some Nat channels open Your graph: o pe cffectonarrow_forward
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