Microbiology: An Introduction
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780321929150
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 4, Problem 8R
Starch is readily
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Draw and label a cell lipid bilayer and diagram how the following transport processes take place: passive diffusion of oxygen into the cell, facilitated diffusion of potassium into the cell, active transport of sucrose into the cell. Using different symbols (circles for oxygen, squares for sucrose, and triangles for potassium ions), show the relative concentrations (gradients) of these substances on the inside and outside of the cell. For example, to show that oxygen enters the cell by going “down” its gradient, you would draw more circles on the outside of the cell than inside the cell. Be sure to show and label membrane proteins when appropriate, and show the electric membrane potential using “+”s (pluses) on one side and “-”s (minuses) on the other side of the membrane. Also show the proton pump which uses ATP as a source of energy.
If you start with 100 mM Na+ and 100 mM K+ outside the liposomes, and 100 mM Na+ and 100 mM K+ inside the liposomes like in (A), then you add ATP to the solution outside the liposomes, then how will the Na+ and K+ concentrations change?
Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following options correctly lists the order of the structures in the endomembrane system through which insulin passes from its production to its exit from the cell?
rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, vacuole, cell membrane
rough ER, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, cell membrane
rough ER, transport vesicles, cell membrane
rough ER, lysosomes, transport vesicles, cell membrane
Chapter 4 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction
Ch. 4 - DRAW IT Diagram each of the following flagellar...Ch. 4 - Endospore formation is called (a) _____. It is...Ch. 4 - DRAW IT Draw the bacterial shapes listed in (a),...Ch. 4 - Match the structures in column A to their...Ch. 4 - Why is an endospore called a resting structure? Of...Ch. 4 - Compare and contrast the following a. simple...Ch. 4 - Prob. 7RCh. 4 - Starch is readily metabolized by many cells, but a...Ch. 4 - Match the characteristics of eukaryotic cells in...Ch. 4 - NAME IT What group of microbes is characterized by...
Ch. 4 - Which of the following is not a distinguishing...Ch. 4 - Which statement best describes what happens when a...Ch. 4 - Which statement best describes what happens when a...Ch. 4 - Which statement best describes what happens when a...Ch. 4 - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 4 - Which of the following is false about fimbriae? a....Ch. 4 - Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a....Ch. 4 - Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a....Ch. 4 - You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell...Ch. 4 - The antibiotic amphothericin B disrupts plasma...Ch. 4 - How can prokaryotic cells be smaller than...Ch. 4 - The smallest eukaryotic cell is the motile alga...Ch. 4 - Two types of prokaryotic cells have been...Ch. 4 - In 1985, a 0.5-mm cell was discovered in...Ch. 4 - When E. coli cells are exposed to a hypertonic...Ch. 4 - Clostridium botulinum is a strict anaerobe; that...Ch. 4 - A South San Francisco child enjoyed bath time at...Ch. 4 - Live cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel)...
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- Why do glycolipids exist almost exclusively on the exterior side, but not on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane? Flippase move the glycolipids to this side of the membrane. The inner layer of the membrane is not thick enough to accommodate carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are only added to lipids on the lumen side of the ER and Golgi membranes. Carbohydrates are removed from the cytoplasmic side by glycosylase enzymes. Nextarrow_forwardProteins may be bound to the exoplasmic or cytosolic face of the plasma membrane by way of covalently attached lipids. What are the three types of lipid anchors responsible for tethering proteins to the plasma-membrane bilayer? Which type is used by cell-surface proteins that face the external medium? By glycosylated proteoglycans?arrow_forwardIn order to investigate the action of a bacterial membrane protein that is a light-driven proton pump, you purify the protein and assemble it together with phospholipids into liposomes that contain an indicator dye, which is blue at high pH, colorless at neutral pH, and red at low pH. You then expose the liposomes, in an aqueous solution, to sunlight. The interior of the liposomes turn blue. Further investigatin of the proton pump protein you find that treatment of either intact bacteria or the purified protein with the protease chymotrypsin result in cleavage of the protein at a single site near the amino terminus, which destroys its capacity to pump protons. When you treat the liposomes described above with chymotrypsin, the interior of the liposomes remains colorless. From these results create a diagram of that illustrates the orientation of the pump protein in the plasma membrane of the intact bacterium and the direction in which it pumps protons. Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
- In order to investigate the action of a bacterial membrane protein that is a light-driven proton pump, you purify the protein and assemble it together with phospholipids into liposomes that contain an indicator dye, which is blue at high pH, colorless at neutral pH, and red at low pH. You then expose the liposomes, in an aqueous solution, to sunlight. The interior of the liposomes turn blue. Further investigatin of the proton pump protein you find that treatment of either intact bacteria or the purified protein with the protease chymotrypsin result in cleavage of the protein at a single site near the amino terminus, which destroys its capacity to pump protons. When you treat the liposomes described above with chymotrypsin, the interior of the liposomes remains colorless. Create an illustration/ diagram of that illustrates the orientation of the pump protein in the plasma membrane of the intact bacterium and the direction in which it pumps protons.arrow_forwardWhy is it advantageous for the cell membrane to be fluid in nature?arrow_forwardWhat materials can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer, and why? What is receptor-mediated endocytosis said to be more selective than phagocytosis or pinocytosis? What do osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the movement of ions away from like charges all have in common? In what do they differ?arrow_forward
- Below is the skeletal formula of a molecule typically found in cell membranes. What type of molecule is this and how can you tell? What are the functions of this type of molecule in the plasma membrane of a cell? CH3 CH₂) (CH₂) 16 CH3 Koarrow_forwardWhat would happen if ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate (RuBP) were depleted in a cell?arrow_forwardThe "cell" has a sucrose concentration of 0.02M and a glucose concentration of 0.02M. The "environment" has a sucrose concentration of 0.06M and a glucose concentration of 0.02M. The membrane is permeable to both sucrose and glucose. This time the "cell" also contains an enzyme that will eventually breakdown and remove the sucrose that was initially in the cell and all other sucrose that may enter. 3.4 How does this differ from when there is no enzyme present? 711 SO Which way? MWLt S ns ve S anarios 1-32arrow_forward
- Liposomes used in COVID vaccines also contain phospholipids like those in the plasma membrane of human cells which mediate fusion of the two membranes. By fusion, we mean that the liposome and plasma membranes become contiguous, or become one membrane. What drives the process of fusion once the two membranes are close enough to each other?arrow_forwardSecretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane to release their contents to the outside of the cell. In this process, the membrane of the secretory vesicle becomes part of the cell membrane because small pieces of the membrane are continually added to the cell membrane, one would expect the cell membrane to become larger and larger as secretion continues. The cell membrane stays the same size, however. Explain how this happens.arrow_forwardWhat are apoproteins? The enzyme used to catalyze the diffusion of a lipid from the outer leaflet to the inner leaflet of a bilayer is called:arrow_forward
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