Chapter 4, Problem 55E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Differences among items in each of the following groups are to be stated - Particulate-level explanation of characteristics of gases, kinetic molecular theory

Concept introduction:

The size and nature of gas molecules is stated by particulate level explanation of gases. Commonly, the presence of intermolecular forces and the rapid movement of gas molecules can be explained by kinetic theory of gases. During the fast movement the molecules collide with the walls of the container. Thus, the gas molecules are termed to be in some pressure values.

Answer to Problem 55E

Commonly, the states of matter such as gas, liquid, and solid can be explained by particulate level concepts by considering them as microscopic particles. The development of particulate theory as kinetic molecular concepts extends the concept of gas molecules with their size, volume, attractive forces, average kinetic energy of gas molecules, and the interaction among the gas molecules.

Explanation of Solution

Generally, the size and nature of gas molecules is stated by particulate level explanation of gases. Commonly, the presence of intermolecular forces and the rapid movement of gas molecules can be explained by kinetic theory of gases. During the fast movement the molecules collide with the walls of the container. Thus, the gas molecules are termed to be in some pressure values. The development of particulate theory as kinetic molecular concepts extends the concept of gas molecules with their size, volume, attractive forces, average kinetic energy of gas molecules, and the interaction among the gas molecules.

Conclusion

Thus, the differences among items in each of the following groups are stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Differences among items in each of the following groups are to be stated - Pascal, mm Hg, torr, atmosphere, psi, bar.

Concept introduction:

The force acting on per unit area of the surface in perpendicular position is termed as the pressure. There are various units to represent the pressure of the gas particles exerted on a surface such as atm, torr, psi etc. In common, SI unit of pressure is ‘Pascal (Pa)’.

Answer to Problem 55E

Generally, the internal pressure of the system is denoted as ‘pascal’. 1 Pa = 1 kg m² s^-2 and 1 atmosphere = 101325 pascals. The pressure produced by 1 mm of mercury column is denoted by ‘mm of Hg’ and 1 atmosphere is equal to 760 mm of Hg. The pressure of gas molecule is torr unit is stated as 1/760 of atmospheric pressure. Notably, the pressure in pounds unit acting on the area of one square inch is termed as ‘psi’ and 1 atmosphere is equals to 14.69 psi. The unit of pressure in metric system is stated as ‘bar’ and 1 atmosphere equals to 1.01 bar of pressure.

Explanation of Solution

There are various units to represent the pressure of the gas particles exerted on a surface such as atm, torr, psi etc. In common, SI unit of pressure is ‘Pascal (Pa)’. The internal pressure of the system is denoted as ‘pascal’. 1 Pa = 1 kg m² s^-2 and 1 atmosphere = 101325 pascals. The pressure produced by 1 mm of mercury column is denoted by ‘mm of Hg’ and 1 atmosphere is equal to 760 mm of Hg. The pressure of gas molecule is torr unit is stated as 1/760 of atmospheric pressure. Notably, the pressure in pounds unit acting on the area of one square inch is termed as ‘psi’ and 1 atmosphere is equals to 14.69 psi. The unit of pressure in metric system is stated as ‘bar’ and 1 atmosphere equals to 1.01 bar of pressure.

Conclusion

Thus, the differences among items in each of the following groups are stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Differences among items in each of the following groups are to be stated - Barometer, manometer

Concept introduction:

The force acting on per unit area of the surface in perpendicular position is termed as the pressure. There are various units to represent the pressure of the gas particles exerted on a surface such as atm, torr, psi etc. There are various instruments to measure the pressure of the system or environment accurately. Barometer and manometer are devices used to measure the pressure of the systems.

Answer to Problem 55E

Barometer is used to measure the pressure of air in an environment. ‘Baro’ means ‘weight’ and ‘meter’ indicates ‘measurement’ and weight of air is measured in an area. Manometer is a U-shaped device to measure the atmospheric pressure. The variation of the height of the water in U-column is proportional to the pressure on the water column.

Explanation of Solution

Generally, there are various instruments to measure the pressure of the system or environment accurately. Commonly, barometer is used to measure the pressure of air in an environment. ‘Baro’ means ‘weight’ and ‘meter’ indicates ‘measurement’ and weight of air is measured in an area. Manometer is a U-shaped device to measure the atmospheric pressure. The variation of the height of the water in U-column is proportional to the pressure on the water column.

Conclusion

Thus, the differences among items in each of the following groups are stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Differences among items in each of the following groups are to be stated - Absolute pressure, gauge pressure.

Concept introduction:

The force acting on per unit area of the surface in perpendicular position is termed as the pressure. There are various instruments such as barometer and manometer to measure the pressure of the system or environment accurately. The method involves the measurement of pressure is stated as absolute pressure and gauge pressure.

Answer to Problem 55E

If the pressure of a system is measured against no air situation (vacuum), then it is called as ‘absolute pressure’. Conversely, if the pressure of a system is measured against the atmosphere of air then it is stated as ‘gauge pressure’.

Explanation of Solution

The force acting on per unit area of the surface in perpendicular position is termed as the pressure. The method involves the measurement of pressure is stated as absolute pressure and gauge pressure. If the pressure of a system is measured against no air situation (vacuum), then it is called as ‘absolute pressure’. Conversely, if the pressure of a system is measured against the atmosphere of air then it is stated as ‘gauge pressure’.

Conclusion

Thus, the differences among items in each of the following groups are stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Differences among items in each of the following groups are to be stated - Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Amontons’s Law, Combined Gas Law

Concept introduction:

The relationship among pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of molecules of gases were furnished by the gas laws. The important laws are including Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Amontons’s Law, and Combined Gas Law.

Answer to Problem 55E

Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. According to Charles’s law, at constant pressure the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its pressure. Amontons’s refers that at constant volume the pressure of a gas varies directly with the increase in temperature. Combined gas includes the variations of pressure, volume, temperature of an ideal gas as PV = nRT.

Explanation of Solution

Commonly, the relationship among pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of molecules of gases were furnished by the gas laws. Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. According to Charles’s law, at constant pressure the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its pressure. Amontons’s refers that at constant volume the pressure of a gas varies directly with the increase in temperature. Combined gas includes the variations of pressure, volume, temperature of an ideal gas as PV = nRT.

Conclusion

Thus, the differences among items in each of the following groups are stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Differences among items in each of the following groups are to be stated - Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales

Concept introduction:

The quantitative measurement of temperature is carried out using different scale of temperature such as Kelvin and Celsius. These are empirical scale of measurement that calculates the variation of heat of a system by the instrument called thermometer.

Answer to Problem 55E

Celsius scale is a temperature scale that measures the boiling point of water as 100 °C. Kelvin scale is a measure of absolute thermodynamic temperature of a system in which the movement of gas molecules is ceases at absolute zero.

Explanation of Solution

The quantitative measurement of temperature is carried out using different scale of temperature such as Kelvin and Celsius. These are empirical scale of measurement that calculates the variation of heat of a system by the instrument called thermometer. Celsius scale is a temperature scale that measures the boiling point of water as 100 °C and the freezing point of water is 0 °C. Kelvin scale is a measure of absolute thermodynamic temperature of a system in which the movement of gas molecules is ceases at absolute zero. Notably, 0 °C is equals to 273 K.

Conclusion

Thus, the differences among items in each of the following groups are stated.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Differences among items in each of the following groups are to be stated - Temperature and pressure, standard temperature and pressure, STP, T _°C, T _°F, T_K

Concept introduction:

The quantitative measurement of temperature is carried out using different scale of temperature such as Kelvin and Celsius. These are empirical scale of measurement that calculates the variation of heat of a system by the instrument called thermometer. Commonly, the force acting on per unit area of the surface in perpendicular position is termed as the pressure. There are various units to represent the pressure of the gas particles exerted on a surface such as atm, torr, psi etc.

Answer to Problem 55E

The measurement of heat of a system is measured as ‘temperature’ and the force that acts on the system in unit area is measured as ‘pressure’. When the temperature of a system (T _°C) is 0 °C and the pressure is 1 atm then the conditions are referred as standard temperature and pressure of the system. At STP the kelvin unit of temperature is having the value of 273 K, (T_K) and 32 °F (T _°F).

Explanation of Solution

The quantitative measurement of temperature is carried out using different scale of temperature such as Kelvin and Celsius. Commonly, the force acting on per unit area of the surface in perpendicular position is termed as the pressure. When the temperature of a system (T _°C) is 0 °C and the pressure is 1 atm then the conditions are referred as standard temperature and pressure of the system. At STP the kelvin unit of temperature is having the value of 273 K, (T_K) and 32 °F (T _°F).

Conclusion

Thus, the differences among items in each of the following groups are stated.