
(a)
Interpretation: Ground-state electronic configuration of the given set of metal ions has to be written.
Concept Introduction:
- Electronic configuration is the arrangement of the electrons of atoms in the orbital. For atoms and ions the electronic configuration are written by using Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule.
- According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons having the same spin can occupy the same orbital.
- According to Hund’s rule, the orbital in the subshell is filled singly by one electron before the same orbital is doubly filled. When the orbitals are singly filled, all the electrons have same spin. In a doubly filled orbital, there are two electrons with opposite spin.
- Half-filled orbitals are comparatively stable as completely filled orbitals. Therefore if there is a possibility of forming half filled orbital then the electron will be moved to the respective orbitals giving rise to more stability.
- When cation is formed it means the electrons are removed from the outermost orbital of atom. If anion is formed means then the electrons are added to the atom in its outermost orbital.
(a)

Answer to Problem 4.73QP
Answer
The ground-state electronic configuration of (a) is 1s22s22p63s23p63d8
To write: Ground-state electronic configuration of Ni2+ .
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configuration of Ni is,
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8
The electronic configuration of Ni is found using the total number of electrons present in the atom. The total number of electrons present in Ni is 28. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule, the electronic configuration of Ni is found as 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8.
Electronic configuration of Ni2+ is,
1s22s22p63s23p63d8
The electronic configuration of Ni2+ is found from the electronic configuration of Ni. Ni2+ is formed from Ni when two valence electrons are removed from the outermost orbitals. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule, the ground state electronic configuration of Ni2+ is found as 1s22s22p63s23p63d8.
(b)
Interpretation: Ground-state electronic configuration of the given set of metal ions has to be written.
Concept Introduction:
- Electronic configuration is the arrangement of the electrons of atoms in the orbital. For atoms and ions the electronic configuration are written by using Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule.
- According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons having the same spin can occupy the same orbital.
- According to Hund’s rule, the orbital in the subshell is filled singly by one electron before the same orbital is doubly filled. When the orbitals are singly filled, all the electrons have same spin. In a doubly filled orbital, there are two electrons with opposite spin.
- Half-filled orbitals are comparatively stable as completely filled orbitals. Therefore if there is a possibility of forming half filled orbital then the electron will be moved to the respective orbitals giving rise to more stability.
- When cation is formed it means the electrons are removed from the outermost orbital of atom. If anion is formed means then the electrons are added to the atom in its outermost orbital.
To write: Ground-state electronic configuration of Cu+ .
(b)

Answer to Problem 4.73QP
Answer
The ground-state electronic configuration of (b) is 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configuration of Cu is,
1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10
The electronic configuration of Cu is found using the total number of electrons present in the atom. The total number of electrons present in Cu is 29. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule, the electronic configuration of Cu is found as 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10.
Electronic configuration of Cu+ is,
1s22s22p63s23p63d10
The electronic configuration of Cu+ is found from the electronic configuration of Cu. Cu+ is formed from Cu when one electron is removed from the outermost orbital. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule, the ground state electronic configuration of Cu+ is found as 1s22s22p63s23p63d10.
(c)
Interpretation: Ground-state electronic configuration of the given set of metal ions has to be written.
Concept Introduction:
- Electronic configuration is the arrangement of the electrons of atoms in the orbital. For atoms and ions the electronic configuration are written by using Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule.
- According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons having the same spin can occupy the same orbital.
- According to Hund’s rule, the orbital in the subshell is filled singly by one electron before the same orbital is doubly filled. When the orbitals are singly filled, all the electrons have same spin. In a doubly filled orbital, there are two electrons with opposite spin.
- Half-filled orbitals are comparatively stable as completely filled orbitals. Therefore if there is a possibility of forming half filled orbital then the electron will be moved to the respective orbitals giving rise to more stability.
- When cation is formed it means the electrons are removed from the outermost orbital of atom. If anion is formed means then the electrons are added to the atom in its outermost orbital
To write: Ground-state electronic configuration of Ag+ .
(c)

Answer to Problem 4.73QP
Answer
The ground-state electronic configuration of (c) is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p64d10
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configuration of Ag
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d10
The electronic configuration of Ag is found using the total number of electrons present in the atom. The total number of electrons present in Ag is 47. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule, the electronic configuration of Ag is found as 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d10.
Electronic configuration of Ag+ is,
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p64d10
The electronic configuration of Ag+ is found from the electronic configuration of Ag. Ag+ is formed from Ag when one electron is removed from the outermost orbital. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule, the ground state electronic configuration of Ag+ is found as 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p64d10.
(d)
Interpretation: Ground-state electronic configuration of the given set of metal ions has to be written.
Concept Introduction:
- Electronic configuration is the arrangement of the electrons of atoms in the orbital. For atoms and ions the electronic configuration are written by using Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule.
- According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons having the same spin can occupy the same orbital.
- According to Hund’s rule, the orbital in the subshell is filled singly by one electron before the same orbital is doubly filled. When the orbitals are singly filled, all the electrons have same spin. In a doubly filled orbital, there are two electrons with opposite spin.
- Half-filled orbitals are comparatively stable as completely filled orbitals. Therefore if there is a possibility of forming half filled orbital then the electron will be moved to the respective orbitals giving rise to more stability.
- When cation is formed it means the electrons are removed from the outermost orbital of atom. If anion is formed means then the electrons are added to the atom in its outermost orbital.
To write: Ground-state electronic configuration of Au+ .
(d)

Answer to Problem 4.73QP
Answer
The ground-state electronic configuration of (d) is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p64f145d10
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configuration of Au is,
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s14f145d10
The electronic configuration of Au is found using the total number of electrons present in the atom. The total number of electrons present in Au is 24. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, the electronic configuration of Au is found as 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s14f145d10.
Electronic configuration of Au+ is,
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p64f145d10
The electronic configuration of Au+ is found from the electronic configuration of Au. Au+ Is formed from Au when three electrons are removed from the outermost orbital. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule, the ground state electronic configuration of Au+ is found as 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p64f145d10.
(e)
Interpretation: Ground-state electronic configuration of the given set of metal ions has to be written.
Concept Introduction:
- Electronic configuration is the arrangement of the electrons of atoms in the orbital. For atoms and ions the electronic configuration are written by using Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule.
- According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons having the same spin can occupy the same orbital.
- According to Hund’s rule, the orbital in the subshell is filled singly by one electron before the same orbital is doubly filled. When the orbitals are singly filled, all the electrons have same spin. In a doubly filled orbital, there are two electrons with opposite spin.
- Half-filled orbitals are comparatively stable as completely filled orbitals. Therefore if there is a possibility of forming half filled orbital then the electron will be moved to the respective orbitals giving rise to more stability.
- When cation is formed it means the electrons are removed from the outermost orbital of atom. If anion is formed means then the electrons are added to the atom in its outermost orbital.
To write: Ground-state electronic configuration of Au3+ .
(e)

Answer to Problem 4.73QP
Answer
The ground-state electronic configuration of (e) is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p64f145d8
Explanation of Solution
Electronic configuration of Au is,
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s14f145d10
The electronic configuration of Au is found using the total number of electrons present in the atom. The total number of electrons present in Au is 79. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, the electronic configuration of Au is found as 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s14f145d10.
Electronic configuration of Au3+ is,
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p64f145d8
The electronic configuration of Au3+ is found from the electronic configuration of Au. Au3+ is formed from Au when two electrons are removed from the outermost orbital. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s rule, the ground state electronic configuration of Au3+ is found as 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p64f145d8.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Chemistry: Atoms First
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