
Concept explainers
Define each of the following terms:
- determinant
- functional dependency
- transitive dependency
- recursive foreign key
- normalization
- composite key
- candidate key
- normal form
- partial functional dependency
- enterprise key
- surrogate primary key

(a)
Definition of determinant
Explanation of Solution
Determinant is an attribute of the database table that is used todetermines the corresponding values of another column in the same table uniquely. As given in the definition any primary key attribute, candidate key attribute, or any non-prime attribute, non-candidate attribute can be a determinant. Consider the table given below:
Employee_ID | Employee_name | Employee_salary |
101 | ram | 20000 |
102 | Shyam | 10000 |
103 | Rita | 30000 |
In the given table the employee_ID is considered as a determinant and it is also a prime key attribute here. as here, only employee_ID can identify the value of the other columns uniquely, whereas no other can.

(b)
Definition of functional dependency
Explanation of Solution
It helps in identifying the table attributes which are related and dependent to each other. For example: if there are two columns in the table A and B. Then the functional dependency between them is represented as:
A→B
Here, all the attribute in the column A is functionally dependent on B. Consider the table given below:
Employee_ID | Employee_name |
101 | ram |
102 | Shyam |
103 | Rita |
Here employee_ID→employee_name
(As if we know the employee ID, then we definitely get the name of the employee), i.e., employee_ID is functionally dependent on employee_name

(c)
Definition of transitive dependency
Explanation of Solution
A dependency is to be transitive only if it is formed by two functional dependencies indirectly. Consider the relations given below:
A→B
B→C
Here, A is functionally dependent on B, and B is functionally dependent on C. As here, C is formed by the combination of two functional dependencies; hence, we can conclude that C is having transitive dependency. It only occurs when there are three or more attribute in a given relation. It helps us in normalizing the database in 3NF (i.e., 3 rd Normal Form)

(d)
Definition of recursive foreign key
Explanation of Solution
Foreign key is a key which represents the primary key attributes in the table. Recursive foreign key is a foreign key which refers to the primary key in the same table. Consider a scenario of table having details of employee and managers. Here, managers are also employees. In the column of employee ID the ID of all the employees are present. In the column of the manager ID, only some employees that are managers have their unique identity, and the rest is null. Here employee ID is not null, but the manger ID can be null, in the case of those employees which are not managers.

(e)
Definition of normalization
Explanation of Solution
Normalization is used to remove the redundancy (i.e., duplication and replication) and dependency of the data.it helps in making searching, sorting, indexing, retrieval of data, etc. easy. It also helps in increasing efficiency, accessibility of data. Type of normalization is given below:
- 1 NF
- 2 NF
- 3 NF
- Boycee Codd Normal Form
- 6 NF

(f)
Definition of composite key
Explanation of Solution
It is a combination of two or more columns in the table. It can be used to identify each row in the table uniquely. Here, when the candidate key is combined it must be unique; however, if it is taken individually then this it is not necessary to be unique. It is also known as concatenated key. Consider an example of student ID and class ID, here it is also possible that a student is enrolled in 2 or more subject. And a course ID is also associated with the more than one student ID. In case to identify the proper details of student with course ID, we need to use both values of course ID and the student ID i.e., candidate key.

(g)
Definition of candidate key
Explanation of Solution
An attribute or a combination of attribute that helps in identifying a row in relation.it value is not null and unique for attributes.it can be simple or composite key. There can be multiple candidate keys in the database, and it is also possibly that among that candidate key one is the primary key.

(h)
Definition of normal form
Explanation of Solution
Normal forms are given below:
- 1NF(First normal form )
- Second normal form
- Third normal form
- BCNF
- Fourth normal form
- 1 NF: table must follow the given properties for being in the first normal form:
- Second normal form: table must follow the given properties for being in the second normal form:
1. It should be in 1 NF
2. There is no partial dependency
- Third normal form: table must follow the given properties for being in the third normal form
- BCNF (Boyce Codd Normal Form): it is a upgraded version of the 3 NF.
- Fourth normal form: conditions are given below:
1. Attributes should be single valued.
2. Columns name must be unique
3. Here, ordering of data does not matter
1. it should be in 2 NF
2. There is no transitive dependency
1. Here, the given should be in 3 rd normal form
2. And for each functional dependency (X(Y) there should be a super key. >
1. It sould be in BCNF
2. And, there is no multivalued attribute.

(i)
Definition of partial functional dependency
Explanation of Solution
Partial functional dependency means that a non-prime attribute is functionally dependent on a part of a candidate key.

(j)
Definition of enterprise key
Explanation of Solution
The term enterprise key is given by expert developer to the prime key if it is unique for the whole database, and not only for a relation. And the concept of making the prime key more like as in the object-oriented environment is known as an object identifier.

(k)
Definition of surrogate primary key
Explanation of Solution
Surrogate primary key is developed to make the key structure easy. This key is developed for the purpose of data analysis. This key is not displayed to users. Surrogate primary key can be available when:
- There is a composite primary key.
- The natural primary key is inefficient.
- The natural primary key is recycled as there it needs to be unique every time.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 4 Solutions
EBK MODERN DATABASE MANAGEMENT,
Additional Engineering Textbook Solutions
Java How to Program, Early Objects (11th Edition) (Deitel: How to Program)
SURVEY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
Problem Solving with C++ (10th Edition)
Starting Out With Visual Basic (8th Edition)
Degarmo's Materials And Processes In Manufacturing
Computer Science: An Overview (13th Edition) (What's New in Computer Science)
- Obtain the MUX design for the function F(X,Y,Z) = (0,3,4,7) using an off-the-shelf MUX with an active low strobe input (E).arrow_forwardI cannot program smart home automation rules from my device using a computer or phone, and I would like to know how to properly connect devices such as switches and sensors together ? Cisco Packet Tracer 1. Smart Home Automation:o Connect a temperature sensor and a fan to a home gateway.o Configure the home gateway so that the fan is activated when the temperature exceedsa set threshold (e.g., 30°C).2. WiFi Network Configuration:o Set up a wireless LAN with a unique SSID.o Enable WPA2 encryption to secure the WiFi network.o Implement MAC address filtering to allow only specific clients to connect.3. WLC Configuration:o Deploy at least two wireless access points connected to a Wireless LAN Controller(WLC).o Configure the WLC to manage the APs, broadcast the configured SSID, and applyconsistent security settings across all APs.arrow_forwardusing r language for integration theta = integral 0 to infinity (x^4)*e^(-x^2)/2 dx (1) use the density function of standard normal distribution N(0,1) f(x) = 1/sqrt(2pi) * e^(-x^2)/2 -infinity <x<infinity as importance function and obtain an estimate theta 1 for theta set m=100 for the estimate whatt is the estimate theta 1? (2)use the density function of gamma (r=5 λ=1/2)distribution f(x)=λ^r/Γ(r) x^(r-1)e^(-λx) x>=0 as importance function and obtain an estimate theta 2 for theta set m=1000 fir the estimate what is the estimate theta2? (3) use simulation (repeat 1000 times) to estimate the variance of the estimates theta1 and theta 2 which one has smaller variance?arrow_forward
- using r language A continuous random variable X has density function f(x)=1/56(3x^2+4x^3+5x^4).0<=x<=2 (1) secify the density g of the random variable Y you find for the acceptance rejection method. (2) what is the value of c you choose to use for the acceptance rejection method (3) use the acceptance rejection method to generate a random sample of size 1000 from the distribution of X .graph the density histogram of the sample and compare it with the density function f(x)arrow_forwardusing r language a continuous random variable X has density function f(x)=1/4x^3e^-(pi/2)^4,x>=0 derive the probability inverse transformation F^(-1)x where F(x) is the cdf of the random variable Xarrow_forwardusing r language in an accelerated failure test, components are operated under extreme conditions so that a substantial number will fail in a rather short time. in such a test involving two types of microships 600 chips manufactured by an existing process were tested and 125 of them failed then 800 chips manufactured by a new process were tested and 130 of them failed what is the 90%confidence interval for the difference between the proportions of failure for chips manufactured by two processes? using r languagearrow_forward
- I want a picture of the tools and the pictures used Cisco Packet Tracer Smart Home Automation:o Connect a temperature sensor and a fan to a home gateway.o Configure the home gateway so that the fan is activated when the temperature exceedsa set threshold (e.g., 30°C).2. WiFi Network Configuration:o Set up a wireless LAN with a unique SSID.o Enable WPA2 encryption to secure the WiFi network.o Implement MAC address filtering to allow only specific clients to connect.3. WLC Configuration:o Deploy at least two wireless access points connected to a Wireless LAN Controller(WLC).o Configure the WLC to manage the APs, broadcast the configured SSID, and applyconsistent security settings across all APs.arrow_forwardA. What will be printed executing the code above?B. What is the simplest way to set a variable of the class Full_Date to January 26 2020?C. Are there any empty constructors in this class Full_Date?a. If there is(are) in which code line(s)?b. If there is not, how would an empty constructor be? (create the code lines for it)D. Can the command std::cout << d1.m << std::endl; be included after line 28 withoutcausing an error?a. If it can, what will be printed?b. If it cannot, how could this command be fixed?arrow_forwardCisco Packet Tracer Smart Home Automation:o Connect a temperature sensor and a fan to a home gateway.o Configure the home gateway so that the fan is activated when the temperature exceedsa set threshold (e.g., 30°C).2. WiFi Network Configuration:o Set up a wireless LAN with a unique SSID.o Enable WPA2 encryption to secure the WiFi network.o Implement MAC address filtering to allow only specific clients to connect.3. WLC Configuration:o Deploy at least two wireless access points connected to a Wireless LAN Controller(WLC).o Configure the WLC to manage the APs, broadcast the configured SSID, and applyconsistent security settings across all APs.arrow_forward
- Transform the TM below that accepts words over the alphabet Σ= {a, b} with an even number of a's and b's in order that the output tape head is positioned over the first letter of the input, if the word is accepted, and all letters a should be replaced by the letter x. For example, for the input aabbaa the tape and head at the end should be: [x]xbbxx z/z,R b/b,R F ① a/a,R b/b,R a/a, R a/a,R b/b.R K a/a,R L b/b,Rarrow_forwardGiven the C++ code below, create a TM that performs the same operation, i.e., given an input over the alphabet Σ= {a, b} it prints the number of letters b in binary. 1 #include 2 #include 3 4- int main() { std::cout > str; for (char c : str) { if (c == 'b') count++; 5 std::string str; 6 int count = 0; 7 char buffer [1000]; 8 9 10 11- 12 13 14 } 15 16- 17 18 19 } 20 21 22} std::string binary while (count > 0) { binary = std::to_string(count % 2) + binary; count /= 2; std::cout << binary << std::endl; return 0;arrow_forwardConsidering the CFG described below, answer the following questions. Σ = {a, b} • NT = {S} Productions: P1 S⇒aSa P2 P3 SbSb S⇒ a P4 S⇒ b A. List one sequence of productions that can accept the word abaaaba; B. Give three 5-letter words that can be accepted by this CFG; C. Create a Pushdown automaton capable of accepting the language accepted by this CFG.arrow_forward
- Principles of Information Systems (MindTap Course...Computer ScienceISBN:9781285867168Author:Ralph Stair, George ReynoldsPublisher:Cengage LearningDatabase Systems: Design, Implementation, & Manag...Computer ScienceISBN:9781305627482Author:Carlos Coronel, Steven MorrisPublisher:Cengage LearningFundamentals of Information SystemsComputer ScienceISBN:9781305082168Author:Ralph Stair, George ReynoldsPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Manag...Computer ScienceISBN:9781285196145Author:Steven, Steven Morris, Carlos Coronel, Carlos, Coronel, Carlos; Morris, Carlos Coronel and Steven Morris, Carlos Coronel; Steven Morris, Steven Morris; Carlos CoronelPublisher:Cengage LearningNp Ms Office 365/Excel 2016 I NtermedComputer ScienceISBN:9781337508841Author:CareyPublisher:Cengage




