(a) Interpretation: Substitution of Mg 2+ for yttrium ions in Y 2 O 3 causes the point defect in Y 2 O 3 structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance are to be explained. Concept Introduction: Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

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Answer 1

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Chapter 4, Problem 4.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Mg²⁺ for yttrium ions in Y₂O₃ causes the point defect in Y₂O₃ structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance are to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe³⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Li¹⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe²⁺ for sodium ions in NaCl causes the point defect in NaCl structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

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One thousand kg/h of a (50-50 wt%) acetone-in-water solution is to be extracted at 25C in a continuous, countercurrent system with pure 1,1,2-trichloroethane to obtain a raffinate containing 10 wt% acetone. Using the following equilibrium data, determine with an equilateral-triangle diagram: a- the minimum flow rate of solvent; b- the number of stages required for a solvent rate equal to 1.5 times minimum, and composition of each streamleaving each stage. c- Repeat the calculation of (a) and (b) if the solvent used has purity 93wt% (4wr% acetone, 3wt% water impurities) acetone water 1,1,2-trichloroethane Raffinate. Weight Extract. Weight 0.6 0.13 0.27 Fraction Acetone Fraction Acetone 0.5 0.04 0.46 0.44 0.56 0.4 0.03 0.57 0.29 0.40 0.3 0.02 0.68 0.12 0.18 0.2 0.015 0.785 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.01 0.89 0.55 0.35 0.1 0.5 0.43 0.07 0.4 0.57 0.03 0.3 0.68 0.02 0.2 0.79 0.01 0.1 0.895 0.005

2500 kg/hr of (20-80) nicotine water solution is to be extracted with benzene containing 0.5% nicotine in the 1st and 2ed stages while the 3rd stage is free of nicotine. Cross- current operation is used with different amounts of solvent for each stages 2000kg/hr in the 1st stage, 2300 kg/hr in the 2nd stage, 2600 kg/hr in the 3rd, determine: - a- The final raffinate concentration and % extraction. b- b- The minimum amount of solvent required for counter-current operation if the minimum concentration will be reduced to 5% in the outlet raffinate. Equilibrium data Wt % Nicotine in water Wt % Nicotine in benzene 0 4 16 25 0 4 21 30

2000 Kg/hr on an acetone water mixture containing 10% of acetone is to be extracted with trichloroethane. The recovered solvent to be used is free of acetone. If 95% recovery of acetone is desired, the equilibrium relationship is given by kg acetone/kg trichloroethane 1.65 kg acetone/kg water. Estimate the number of stages required if 1.5 times the minimum solvent is used when: - a- Cross-current is to be extracted. b- b- Counter-current is to be extracted.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Mg²⁺ for yttrium ions in Y₂O₃ causes the point defect in Y₂O₃ structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance are to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe³⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Li¹⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe²⁺ for sodium ions in NaCl causes the point defect in NaCl structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Mg²⁺ for yttrium ions in Y₂O₃ causes the point defect in Y₂O₃ structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance are to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe³⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Li¹⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe²⁺ for sodium ions in NaCl causes the point defect in NaCl structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Mg²⁺ for yttrium ions in Y₂O₃ causes the point defect in Y₂O₃ structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance are to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe³⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Li¹⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe²⁺ for sodium ions in NaCl causes the point defect in NaCl structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

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Answer 5

Chapter 4, Problem 4.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Mg²⁺ for yttrium ions in Y₂O₃ causes the point defect in Y₂O₃ structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance are to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe³⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Li¹⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe²⁺ for sodium ions in NaCl causes the point defect in NaCl structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Answer 6

Chapter 4, Problem 4.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Mg²⁺ for yttrium ions in Y₂O₃ causes the point defect in Y₂O₃ structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance are to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Answer 7

Chapter 4, Problem 4.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Mg²⁺ for yttrium ions in Y₂O₃ causes the point defect in Y₂O₃ structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance are to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe³⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe³⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Li¹⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Li¹⁺ for magnesium ions in MgO causes the point defect in MgO structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe²⁺ for sodium ions in NaCl causes the point defect in NaCl structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

Substitution of Fe²⁺ for sodium ions in NaCl causes the point defect in NaCl structure. Changes required in structure to maintain charge balance is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Point defect can be defined as the missing of an atom from its crystal lattice or presence at irregular place in its crystal lattice. Point defects can be of many types such as self-interstitial atoms, interstitial impurity atoms, vacancies, and substitution atoms.

Answer 14

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Answer 17

Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.1P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.2P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.3P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.4P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.5P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.6P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.7P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.8P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.9P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that substitution of Mg 2+ for yttrium ions in Y 2 O 3 causes the point defect in the structure.

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Chapter 4 Solutions