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The CAFÉ standards under which vehicles are tested.
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Explanation of Solution
CAFÉ stands for Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards. These were established in 1975 to build more fuel-efficient vehicles to increase the overall fuel efficiency of the vehicles. Under the CAFÉ standards, different models from different manufacturers of vehicles are tested for the number of miles they can be driven on a gallon of gas. Then the fuel efficiencies of these vehicles are averaged together. If the average fuel economy of a manufacturer falls below the usual requirement, then the manufacturer has to cover CAFÉ credits or may have to pay a penalty. For this the car makers have replaced many parts of the engine with new technology and techniques to attain higher fuel efficiency in addition to get increased power output. They replaced many manually operated systems with automatic or electronic system to get more fuel efficient vehicles and also get less emission from burning of fuel.
According to estimation, due to CAFÉ standards, the fuel economy will increase nearly to 54.5 mpg between the years 2017 and 2025.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach (MindTap Course List)
- A bent pipe is attached to a wall with brackets as shown. A force of F = 180 lb is applied to the end of the tube with direction indicated by the dimensions in the figure. Determine the support reactions at the brackets B, C, and D. Model these brackets as journal bearings (only force reactions perpendicular to the axis of the tube) and neglect couple moment reactions. Assume the distance between the supports at B and C and the tube bends nearby are negligible such that the support at C is directly above the support at D and the dimension g gives the distance between supports B and C. Enter your answers in Cartesian components. 2013 Michael Swanbom cc 10 BY NC SA g h א B 8° У A C x каж Values for dimensions on the figure are given in the table below. Note the figure may not be to scale. Variable Value a 6.72 in b 11.8 in с 14.8 in d 42.0 in h 26.6 in g 28.0 in → The reaction at B is B = lb. The reaction at C is C = lb. The reaction at D is D = lb. + << + + 2. + + 557 〈んarrow_forwardThe force F1 = 10 kN, F2 = 10 kN, F3 = 10 kN, F4 = 5 KN are acting on the sttructure shown. Determine the forces in the members specified below. Use positive values to indicate tension and negative values to indicate compression. F2 D b F1 F3 C E b F4 b B F a G Values for dimensions on the figure are given in the following table. Note the figure may not be to scale. Variable Value a 3 m b 4 m The force in member BC is KN. The force in member BE is KN. The force in member EF is KN.arrow_forwardh = The transmission tower is subjected to the forces F₁ 3.6 KN at 50° and F2 = 3.3 kN at = 35°. Determine the forces in members BC, BP, PQ, PC, CD, DP and NP. Use positive values to indicate tension and negative values to indicate compression. 不 кажаж в *а*аж E N M d d IF, c B CENTER LINE S อ K F₂ Kbb cc 10 BY NC SA 2013 Michael Swanbom Values for dimensions on the figure are given in the following table. Note the figure may not be to scale. Variable Value a 1.7 m b 4.9 m с 3 m d 5.2 m h 8.4 m Values for dimensions on the figure are given in the following table. Note the figure may not be to scale. Variable Value a 1.7 m 4.9 m с 3 m d 5.2 m h 8.4 m The force in member BC is KN. The force in member BP is KN. The force in member PQ is KN. The force in member PC is KN. The force in member CD is KN. The force in member DP is KN. The force in member NP is KN.arrow_forward
- HELP?arrow_forwardTrue and False Indicate if each statement is true or false. T/F 1. Rule #1 protects the function of assembly. T/F 2. One of the fundamental dimensioning rules requires all dimensions apply in the free-state condition for rigid parts. T/F 3. The fundamental dimensioning rules that apply on a drawing must be listed in the general notes. T/F 4. Where Rule #1 applies to a drawing, it limits the form of every feature of size on the drawing. T/F 5. Rule #1 limits the variation between features of size on a part. T/F 6. The designer must specify on the drawing which features of size use Rule #1. T/F T/F T/F 7. Rule #1 applies to nonrigid parts (in the unrestrained state). 8. A GO gage is a fixed-limit gage. 9. Rule #1 requires that the form of an individual regular feature of size is controlled by its limits of sizearrow_forwardFEAarrow_forward
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