a.
To determine: The primary eight amino acids for each of the given DNA sequences, which are given as follows:
Introduction: The given DNA sequences encode the initial eight amino acids for five alleles of the Adh protein in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Nucleotides that vary from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter. The sequences of DNA code for a number of alleles. The alleles are responsible for specific assignation of characters to the individual. There are a number of alleles that can be present within a gene. The genes are present in the chromosomes, and the chromosomes are present in pairs. Alleles are responsible for the genotypic character of the organism, which reflects in the
a.
Explanation of Solution
The given DNA sequences are as follows:
The amino acids from the above DNA sequences using the codon table are given below:
b.
To determine: The five polymorphic sites and signify whether the site is represented by synonymous or non-synonymous polymorphisms in the given DNA sequences.
Introduction: The given DNA sequences encode the initial eight amino acids for five alleles of the Adh protein in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Nucleotides that vary from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter. The sequences of DNA code for a number of alleles. The alleles are responsible for specific assignation of characters to the individual. There are a number of alleles that can be present within a gene. The genes are present in the chromosomes, and the chromosomes are present in pairs. Alleles are responsible for the genotypic character of the organism, which reflects in the phenotype of the organism.
b.
Explanation of Solution
The process of polymorphism results in the modification of the
The synonymous or non-synonymous polymorphisms in sequences are as follows:
The production of “alanine” in the second sequence fulfills the criteria of polymorphism.
c.
To determine: The one-difference intermediate in the production of TTG from CTC.
Introduction: The given DNA sequences encode the initial eight amino acids for five alleles of the Adh protein in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Nucleotides that vary from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter. The sequences of DNA code for a number of alleles. The alleles are responsible for specific assignation of characters to the individual. There are a number of alleles that can be present within a gene. The genes are present in the chromosomes, and the chromosomes are present in pairs. Alleles are responsible for the genotypic character of the organism, which reflects in the phenotype of the organism.
c.
Explanation of Solution
According to the provided information, the CTC sequence is responsible for the production of TTG sequence. Both the codons code for “Leu.” However, the codon that could be the intermediate of the process could be the same as “leu.” TTC codes for the “Phe” when activated; hence, it cannot be the intermediate in the reaction. Hence, the one-difference intermediate must be CTG, which also codes for the “Leu” that forms the bridge in the production of TTG from the CTC codon.
d.
To determine: The reason that synonymous polymorphisms are likely to be more frequent than non-synonymous polymorphisms.
Introduction: The given DNA sequences encode the initial eight amino acids for five alleles of the Adh protein in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Nucleotides that vary from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter. The sequences of DNA code for a number of alleles. The alleles are responsible for specific assignation of characters to the individual. There are a number of alleles that can be present within a gene. The genes are present in the chromosomes, and the chromosomes are present in pairs. Alleles are responsible for the genotypic character of the organism, which reflects in the phenotype of the organism.
d.
Explanation of Solution
There is a repetition of “3-letter codes” along the codon for the coding of specific amino acid. The production of new amino acid takes place when there is a change in the second element, resulting in non-synonymous polymorphism. However, changes in the third element of the codon give the similar amino acid. Thus, synonymous polymorphisms are likely to be more frequent than non-synonymous polymorphisms.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Evolution
- Answer should be written in a sentence-case manner. Follow necessary syntax rule.arrow_forwardAnswer should be written in a sentence-case manner. Follow necessary syntax rule.arrow_forwardBriefly discuss why mutant allele 1 fails to produce functional protein. Note that this mutation has no impact on the length of the mRNA transcribed from the gene.arrow_forward
- The bacterial gene shorty (sh) encodes for a small protein. The DNA sequence of the sh gene is shown below. The ORF is in CAPITAL LETTERS 5’-tataatgggcttaacaATGAGTAAAAGAGGTCCTTTACTCCGGTATCACCAATAGaaatattatttaa-3’ 3’-atattacccgaattgtTACTCATTTTCTCCAGGAAATGAGGCCATAGTGGTTATCtttataataaatt-5’ Answer the following questions: Q1. Which is the coding strand? Which is the template strand? [10%] Top-bottom. Bottom-Top. Both can be used as either coding or template for this gene.arrow_forwardThe bacterial gene shorty (sh) encodes for a small protein. The DNA sequence of the sh gene is shown below. The ORF is in CAPITAL LETTERS 5’-tataatgggcttaacaATGAGTAAAAGAGGTCCTTTACTCCGGTATCACCAATAGaaatattatttaa-3’ 3’-atattacccgaattgtTACTCATTTTCTCCAGGAAATGAGGCCATAGTGGTTATCtttataataaatt What is the length in AA’s of the Sh protein? Assume fMet is NOT CLEAVED [10%] 39 AA 13 AA 12 AA 21 AAarrow_forwardhe Sequence below comes from the alpha-2 globin of the human hemoglobin gene cluster found in chromosome 16. The globin region of the hemoglobin protein itself consists of 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. 1 actcttctgg tccccacaga ctcagagaga acccaccatg gtgctgtctc ctgccgacaa 61 gaccaacgtc aaggccgcct ggggtaaggt cggcgcgcac gctggcgagt atggtgcgga 121 ggccctggag aggatgttcc tgtccttccc caccaccaag acctacttcc cgcacttcga 181 cctgagccac ggctctgccc aggttaaggg ccacggcaag aaggtggccg acgcgctgac 241 caacgccgtg gcgcacgtgg acgacatgcc caacgcgctg tccgccctga gcgacctgca 301 cgcgcacaag cttcgggtgg acccggtcaa cttcaagctc ctaagccact gcctgctggt 361 gaccctggcc gcccacctcc ccgccgagtt cacccctgcg gtgcacgcct ccctggacaa 421 gttcctggct tctgtgagca ccgtgctgac ctccaaatac cgttaagctg gagcctcggt 481 agccgttcct cctgcccgct gggcctccca acgggccctc ctcccctcct tgcaccggcc 541 cttcctggtc…arrow_forward
- please explainarrow_forward(ii) Is the sequence below in FASTA format? Justify your answer. >gi 129295|sp|P01013 | OVAX_CHICK GENE X PROTEIN (OVALBUMIN-RELATED) QIKDLLVSSSTDLDTTLVLVNAIYFKGMWKTAFNAEDTREMPFHVTKQESKPVQMMCMNNSFNVATLPAE KMKILELPFASGDLSMLVLLPDEVSDLERIEKTINFEKLTEWTNPNTMEKRRVKVYLPQMKIEEKYNLTS VLMALGMTDLFIPSANLTGISSAESLKISQAVHGAFMELSEDGIEMAGSTGVIEDIKHSPESEQFRADHP FLFLIKHNPTNTIVYFGRYWSP Chymotrypsin elastase trypsin plasminogen factorXI transmembrane consensus Chymotrypsin elastase trypsin plasminogen factorXI transmembrane consensus (iv) Based on Figure 4, state which software could assist in generating these results? 1 FHFCGGSLISEDWVVTAA CGVRT-----SDVVVAGEFDQGSDEENIQVLKIAKVFKNPKFS--ILTVNNDITELKLATP 1 YHTCGGSLIANSWVLTAAHCISSSR----TYRVGLGRHNLYVAESGSLAVSVSKIVVHKDWNSNQIKSGNDIALLKLANP 1 YHFCGGSLINEOWWVSAGHCYKSR------IQVRLGEHNIEVLEGNEQFINAAKIIRHPOYD--RKTLNNDIMLIKLSSR 1 MHFCGGTLISPEWVLTAAHCLEKSPRPS-SYKVILGAHQEVNLEPHVQEIEVSRLFLEPTRK----- 1…arrow_forwardYou have the following sequence reads from a genomicclone of the Homo sapiens genome:Read 1: ATGCGATCTGTGAGCCGAGTCTTTARead 2: AACAAAAATGTTGTTATTTTTATTTCAGATGRead 3: TTCAGATGCGATCTGTGAGCCGAGRead 4: TGTCTGCCATTCTTAAAAACAAAAATGTRead 5: TGTTATTTTTATTTCAGATGCGARead 6: AACAAAAATGTTGTTATTa. Use these six sequence reads to create a sequencecontig of this part of the H. sapiens genome.b. Translate the sequence contig in all possible readingframes.c. Go to the BLAST page of the National Center forBiotechnology Information, or NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/, Appendix B) and see if you canidentify the gene of which this sequence is a part byusing each of the reading frames as a query for protein–protein comparison (BLASTp).arrow_forward
- Name and explain the three possible consequences of having a mutation somewhere in the region from 61-75.arrow_forwardThis is the pre-mRNA of a mammalian gene with the spice sites marked. 5’-AGCUUCGCGUAAAUCGUAG/GUAAGUUGUAAUAAAUAUAAGUGAGUAUGAUAG\GGCUUUGG ACCGAUAGAUGCGACCCUGGAG/GUAAGUAUAGAUAAUUAAGCACAG\GCAUGCAGGGAUAUCCU CCAAAUAG/GUAAGUAACCUUACGGUCAAUUAAUUAG\GCAGUAGAUGAAUAAACGAUAU CGAUCGGUUAG/GUAAGUCUGAU-3’ This is the spliced mRNA with the spliced sites marked with a vertical line, “|”. 5’-AGCUUCGCGUAAAUCGUAG|GGCUUUGGACCGAUAGAUGCGACCCUGGAG|GCAUGCAGGGAUAUCCU CCAAAUAG|GCAGUAGAUGAAUAAACGAUAUCGAUCGGUUAGGUAAGUCUGAU-3’ Translate this mammalian mRNA into the correct amino acid sequence. In your answer, use the three letter abbreviations for each amino acid.arrow_forwardIn Figure 6-1,a. what do the yellow stars represent?b. explain in your own words why the heterozygote isfunctionally wild typearrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education