Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column. a. meiosis 1. X and Y b. gametes 2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes c. karyotype 3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome d. mitosis 4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles e. interphase 5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis f. syncytium 6. division of the cytoplasm g. synapsis 7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization h. sex chromosomes 8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus i. cytokinesis 9. pairing of homologous chromosomes j. anaphase 10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells k. chromatid 11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell l. autosomes 12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible m. centromere 13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells n. centrosomes 14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete o. polar body 15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate p. spermatocytes 16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 4, Problem 1P

Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.

a. meiosis	1. X and Y
b. gametes	2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes
c. karyotype	3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome
d. mitosis	4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles
e. interphase	5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis
f. syncytium	6. division of the cytoplasm
g. synapsis	7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization
h. sex chromosomes	8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus
i. cytokinesis	9. pairing of homologous chromosomes
j. anaphase	10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells
k. chromatid	11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell
l. autosomes	12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible
m. centromere	13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells
n. centrosomes	14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete
o. polar body	15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate
p. spermatocytes	16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “meiosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule-organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Meiosis is a reductional type of cell division in the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Meiosis: one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the parent cell and give rise to four gametes is called meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gametes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Gametes are haploid and their fusion leads to the production of diploid zygote. These are the sex cells of organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gametes: haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell of opposite sex at the time of fertilization. This fusion results in the formation of a zygote.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “karyotype” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Karyotype can be defined as the entire set of the chromosomes that is particularly present in the cell.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Karyotype: the array of chromosomes in a given cell

Explanation of Solution

The complete set of chromosomes that is present in a cell is termed as karyotype. It exhibits the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Mitosis is a type of equational cell division that occurs in the somatic cell of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitosis: one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which parental cell replicates and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells is called mitosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “interphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle during which nucleus does not undergo the division process.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Interphase: the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

Explanation of Solution

The stage between two consecutive mitotic divisions when nucleus is not dividing is termed as interphase.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “syncytium” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Animal cells may contain one or more than one nuclei in number. Presence of more than one nuclei leads to the syncytium condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Syncytium: an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

Explanation of Solution

A syncytium is also known as symplasm. It is a single cell that contains more than one nucleus due to fusion of multiple cells or nuclear division.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “synapsis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

At the chiasmata of chromosomes, the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Synapsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

The pairing of chromosomes pairs during meiosis is known as synapsis. It occurs during prophase I stage of meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “sex chromosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an organism at the time of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Sex chromosomes: X and Y

Explanation of Solution

The sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for the determination of sex of an organism. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Out of which, one pair of chromosomes contains sex chromosomes. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cytokinesis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Division of cytoplasm is referred to as cutokinesis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

Explanation of Solution

The process during which the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “anaphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Anapahse is one of the phases of the cell cycle at which sepration of sister chromatids occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Anaphase: the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate.

Explanation of Solution

The replicated chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are moved towards the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase of the cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “chromatid” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Chromatid can be defined as the one of the two exactly similar halves of a specific chromosome during the process of replication.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Chromatid: one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

Explanation of Solution

A replicated chromosome has two identical thread like stands. Each strand is termed as chromatid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “autosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Autosomes are the chromosomes that are not at all involved in the determination of sex of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Autosomes: chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

Explanation of Solution

Autosomes are a type of chromosomes which have genes but do not differ in different sexes. They have no role in sex determination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centromere” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centromere is the specifc point on the chromosomes at which attachment of spindle fibers occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centromere: site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Explanation of Solution

The region of chromosome that connects the microtubules of the spindle during cell division is called centromere.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

n.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centrosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centrosomes are the specialized centers that help in the organization of the microtubules at the poles of spindle fibers.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centrosomes: microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

Explanation of Solution

The cell microtubules are organized by the centrosome of the cell. The microtubule interacts with the chromosomes to form the mitotic spindle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

o.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “polar body” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Polar body is the result of meosis process. This polar body cannot take part in the process of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Polar body: cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that is formed as an egg cell and cannot take place in fertilization is called a polar body.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

p.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “spermatocytes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Spermatocytes are the immature cells that are present in the testes of males. These cells develop in sperms on maturation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Spermatocytes: cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

Explanation of Solution

The male gametocytes or sperm cells that are found at early childhood in testes are called spermatocytes. They come from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. They undergo meiosis to produce cells with half the number of chromosomes.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 4, Problem 1P

Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.

a. meiosis	1. X and Y
b. gametes	2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes
c. karyotype	3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome
d. mitosis	4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles
e. interphase	5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis
f. syncytium	6. division of the cytoplasm
g. synapsis	7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization
h. sex chromosomes	8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus
i. cytokinesis	9. pairing of homologous chromosomes
j. anaphase	10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells
k. chromatid	11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell
l. autosomes	12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible
m. centromere	13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells
n. centrosomes	14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete
o. polar body	15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate
p. spermatocytes	16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “meiosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule-organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Meiosis is a reductional type of cell division in the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Meiosis: one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the parent cell and give rise to four gametes is called meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gametes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Gametes are haploid and their fusion leads to the production of diploid zygote. These are the sex cells of organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gametes: haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell of opposite sex at the time of fertilization. This fusion results in the formation of a zygote.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “karyotype” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Karyotype can be defined as the entire set of the chromosomes that is particularly present in the cell.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Karyotype: the array of chromosomes in a given cell

Explanation of Solution

The complete set of chromosomes that is present in a cell is termed as karyotype. It exhibits the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Mitosis is a type of equational cell division that occurs in the somatic cell of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitosis: one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which parental cell replicates and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells is called mitosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “interphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle during which nucleus does not undergo the division process.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Interphase: the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

Explanation of Solution

The stage between two consecutive mitotic divisions when nucleus is not dividing is termed as interphase.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “syncytium” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Animal cells may contain one or more than one nuclei in number. Presence of more than one nuclei leads to the syncytium condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Syncytium: an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

Explanation of Solution

A syncytium is also known as symplasm. It is a single cell that contains more than one nucleus due to fusion of multiple cells or nuclear division.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “synapsis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

At the chiasmata of chromosomes, the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Synapsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

The pairing of chromosomes pairs during meiosis is known as synapsis. It occurs during prophase I stage of meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “sex chromosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an organism at the time of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Sex chromosomes: X and Y

Explanation of Solution

The sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for the determination of sex of an organism. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Out of which, one pair of chromosomes contains sex chromosomes. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cytokinesis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Division of cytoplasm is referred to as cutokinesis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

Explanation of Solution

The process during which the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “anaphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Anapahse is one of the phases of the cell cycle at which sepration of sister chromatids occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Anaphase: the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate.

Explanation of Solution

The replicated chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are moved towards the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase of the cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “chromatid” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Chromatid can be defined as the one of the two exactly similar halves of a specific chromosome during the process of replication.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Chromatid: one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

Explanation of Solution

A replicated chromosome has two identical thread like stands. Each strand is termed as chromatid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “autosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Autosomes are the chromosomes that are not at all involved in the determination of sex of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Autosomes: chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

Explanation of Solution

Autosomes are a type of chromosomes which have genes but do not differ in different sexes. They have no role in sex determination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centromere” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centromere is the specifc point on the chromosomes at which attachment of spindle fibers occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centromere: site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Explanation of Solution

The region of chromosome that connects the microtubules of the spindle during cell division is called centromere.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

n.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centrosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centrosomes are the specialized centers that help in the organization of the microtubules at the poles of spindle fibers.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centrosomes: microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

Explanation of Solution

The cell microtubules are organized by the centrosome of the cell. The microtubule interacts with the chromosomes to form the mitotic spindle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

o.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “polar body” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Polar body is the result of meosis process. This polar body cannot take part in the process of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Polar body: cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that is formed as an egg cell and cannot take place in fertilization is called a polar body.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

p.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “spermatocytes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Spermatocytes are the immature cells that are present in the testes of males. These cells develop in sperms on maturation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Spermatocytes: cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

Explanation of Solution

The male gametocytes or sperm cells that are found at early childhood in testes are called spermatocytes. They come from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. They undergo meiosis to produce cells with half the number of chromosomes.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 4, Problem 1P

Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.

a. meiosis	1. X and Y
b. gametes	2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes
c. karyotype	3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome
d. mitosis	4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles
e. interphase	5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis
f. syncytium	6. division of the cytoplasm
g. synapsis	7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization
h. sex chromosomes	8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus
i. cytokinesis	9. pairing of homologous chromosomes
j. anaphase	10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells
k. chromatid	11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell
l. autosomes	12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible
m. centromere	13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells
n. centrosomes	14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete
o. polar body	15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate
p. spermatocytes	16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “meiosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule-organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Meiosis is a reductional type of cell division in the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Meiosis: one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the parent cell and give rise to four gametes is called meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gametes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Gametes are haploid and their fusion leads to the production of diploid zygote. These are the sex cells of organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gametes: haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell of opposite sex at the time of fertilization. This fusion results in the formation of a zygote.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “karyotype” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Karyotype can be defined as the entire set of the chromosomes that is particularly present in the cell.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Karyotype: the array of chromosomes in a given cell

Explanation of Solution

The complete set of chromosomes that is present in a cell is termed as karyotype. It exhibits the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Mitosis is a type of equational cell division that occurs in the somatic cell of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitosis: one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which parental cell replicates and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells is called mitosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “interphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle during which nucleus does not undergo the division process.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Interphase: the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

Explanation of Solution

The stage between two consecutive mitotic divisions when nucleus is not dividing is termed as interphase.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “syncytium” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Animal cells may contain one or more than one nuclei in number. Presence of more than one nuclei leads to the syncytium condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Syncytium: an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

Explanation of Solution

A syncytium is also known as symplasm. It is a single cell that contains more than one nucleus due to fusion of multiple cells or nuclear division.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “synapsis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

At the chiasmata of chromosomes, the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Synapsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

The pairing of chromosomes pairs during meiosis is known as synapsis. It occurs during prophase I stage of meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “sex chromosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an organism at the time of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Sex chromosomes: X and Y

Explanation of Solution

The sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for the determination of sex of an organism. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Out of which, one pair of chromosomes contains sex chromosomes. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cytokinesis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Division of cytoplasm is referred to as cutokinesis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

Explanation of Solution

The process during which the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “anaphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Anapahse is one of the phases of the cell cycle at which sepration of sister chromatids occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Anaphase: the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate.

Explanation of Solution

The replicated chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are moved towards the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase of the cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “chromatid” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Chromatid can be defined as the one of the two exactly similar halves of a specific chromosome during the process of replication.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Chromatid: one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

Explanation of Solution

A replicated chromosome has two identical thread like stands. Each strand is termed as chromatid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “autosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Autosomes are the chromosomes that are not at all involved in the determination of sex of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Autosomes: chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

Explanation of Solution

Autosomes are a type of chromosomes which have genes but do not differ in different sexes. They have no role in sex determination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centromere” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centromere is the specifc point on the chromosomes at which attachment of spindle fibers occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centromere: site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Explanation of Solution

The region of chromosome that connects the microtubules of the spindle during cell division is called centromere.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

n.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centrosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centrosomes are the specialized centers that help in the organization of the microtubules at the poles of spindle fibers.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centrosomes: microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

Explanation of Solution

The cell microtubules are organized by the centrosome of the cell. The microtubule interacts with the chromosomes to form the mitotic spindle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

o.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “polar body” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Polar body is the result of meosis process. This polar body cannot take part in the process of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Polar body: cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that is formed as an egg cell and cannot take place in fertilization is called a polar body.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

p.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “spermatocytes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Spermatocytes are the immature cells that are present in the testes of males. These cells develop in sperms on maturation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Spermatocytes: cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

Explanation of Solution

The male gametocytes or sperm cells that are found at early childhood in testes are called spermatocytes. They come from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. They undergo meiosis to produce cells with half the number of chromosomes.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 4, Problem 1P

Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.

a. meiosis	1. X and Y
b. gametes	2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes
c. karyotype	3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome
d. mitosis	4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles
e. interphase	5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis
f. syncytium	6. division of the cytoplasm
g. synapsis	7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization
h. sex chromosomes	8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus
i. cytokinesis	9. pairing of homologous chromosomes
j. anaphase	10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells
k. chromatid	11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell
l. autosomes	12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible
m. centromere	13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells
n. centrosomes	14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete
o. polar body	15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate
p. spermatocytes	16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “meiosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule-organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Meiosis is a reductional type of cell division in the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Meiosis: one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the parent cell and give rise to four gametes is called meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gametes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Gametes are haploid and their fusion leads to the production of diploid zygote. These are the sex cells of organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gametes: haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell of opposite sex at the time of fertilization. This fusion results in the formation of a zygote.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “karyotype” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Karyotype can be defined as the entire set of the chromosomes that is particularly present in the cell.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Karyotype: the array of chromosomes in a given cell

Explanation of Solution

The complete set of chromosomes that is present in a cell is termed as karyotype. It exhibits the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Mitosis is a type of equational cell division that occurs in the somatic cell of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitosis: one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which parental cell replicates and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells is called mitosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “interphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle during which nucleus does not undergo the division process.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Interphase: the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

Explanation of Solution

The stage between two consecutive mitotic divisions when nucleus is not dividing is termed as interphase.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “syncytium” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Animal cells may contain one or more than one nuclei in number. Presence of more than one nuclei leads to the syncytium condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Syncytium: an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

Explanation of Solution

A syncytium is also known as symplasm. It is a single cell that contains more than one nucleus due to fusion of multiple cells or nuclear division.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “synapsis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

At the chiasmata of chromosomes, the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Synapsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

The pairing of chromosomes pairs during meiosis is known as synapsis. It occurs during prophase I stage of meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “sex chromosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an organism at the time of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Sex chromosomes: X and Y

Explanation of Solution

The sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for the determination of sex of an organism. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Out of which, one pair of chromosomes contains sex chromosomes. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cytokinesis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Division of cytoplasm is referred to as cutokinesis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

Explanation of Solution

The process during which the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “anaphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Anapahse is one of the phases of the cell cycle at which sepration of sister chromatids occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Anaphase: the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate.

Explanation of Solution

The replicated chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are moved towards the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase of the cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “chromatid” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Chromatid can be defined as the one of the two exactly similar halves of a specific chromosome during the process of replication.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Chromatid: one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

Explanation of Solution

A replicated chromosome has two identical thread like stands. Each strand is termed as chromatid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “autosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Autosomes are the chromosomes that are not at all involved in the determination of sex of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Autosomes: chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

Explanation of Solution

Autosomes are a type of chromosomes which have genes but do not differ in different sexes. They have no role in sex determination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centromere” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centromere is the specifc point on the chromosomes at which attachment of spindle fibers occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centromere: site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Explanation of Solution

The region of chromosome that connects the microtubules of the spindle during cell division is called centromere.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

n.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centrosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centrosomes are the specialized centers that help in the organization of the microtubules at the poles of spindle fibers.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centrosomes: microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

Explanation of Solution

The cell microtubules are organized by the centrosome of the cell. The microtubule interacts with the chromosomes to form the mitotic spindle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

o.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “polar body” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Polar body is the result of meosis process. This polar body cannot take part in the process of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Polar body: cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that is formed as an egg cell and cannot take place in fertilization is called a polar body.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

p.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “spermatocytes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Spermatocytes are the immature cells that are present in the testes of males. These cells develop in sperms on maturation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Spermatocytes: cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

Explanation of Solution

The male gametocytes or sperm cells that are found at early childhood in testes are called spermatocytes. They come from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. They undergo meiosis to produce cells with half the number of chromosomes.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “meiosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule-organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Meiosis is a reductional type of cell division in the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Meiosis: one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the parent cell and give rise to four gametes is called meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gametes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Gametes are haploid and their fusion leads to the production of diploid zygote. These are the sex cells of organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gametes: haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell of opposite sex at the time of fertilization. This fusion results in the formation of a zygote.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “karyotype” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Karyotype can be defined as the entire set of the chromosomes that is particularly present in the cell.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Karyotype: the array of chromosomes in a given cell

Explanation of Solution

The complete set of chromosomes that is present in a cell is termed as karyotype. It exhibits the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Mitosis is a type of equational cell division that occurs in the somatic cell of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitosis: one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which parental cell replicates and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells is called mitosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “interphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle during which nucleus does not undergo the division process.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Interphase: the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

Explanation of Solution

The stage between two consecutive mitotic divisions when nucleus is not dividing is termed as interphase.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “syncytium” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Animal cells may contain one or more than one nuclei in number. Presence of more than one nuclei leads to the syncytium condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Syncytium: an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

Explanation of Solution

A syncytium is also known as symplasm. It is a single cell that contains more than one nucleus due to fusion of multiple cells or nuclear division.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “synapsis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

At the chiasmata of chromosomes, the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Synapsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

The pairing of chromosomes pairs during meiosis is known as synapsis. It occurs during prophase I stage of meiosis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “sex chromosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an organism at the time of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Sex chromosomes: X and Y

Explanation of Solution

The sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for the determination of sex of an organism. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Out of which, one pair of chromosomes contains sex chromosomes. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cytokinesis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Division of cytoplasm is referred to as cutokinesis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

Explanation of Solution

The process during which the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “anaphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Anapahse is one of the phases of the cell cycle at which sepration of sister chromatids occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Anaphase: the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate.

Explanation of Solution

The replicated chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are moved towards the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase of the cell cycle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “chromatid” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Chromatid can be defined as the one of the two exactly similar halves of a specific chromosome during the process of replication.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Chromatid: one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

Explanation of Solution

A replicated chromosome has two identical thread like stands. Each strand is termed as chromatid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “autosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Autosomes are the chromosomes that are not at all involved in the determination of sex of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Autosomes: chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

Explanation of Solution

Autosomes are a type of chromosomes which have genes but do not differ in different sexes. They have no role in sex determination.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centromere” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centromere is the specifc point on the chromosomes at which attachment of spindle fibers occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centromere: site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Explanation of Solution

The region of chromosome that connects the microtubules of the spindle during cell division is called centromere.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

n.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centrosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centrosomes are the specialized centers that help in the organization of the microtubules at the poles of spindle fibers.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centrosomes: microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

Explanation of Solution

The cell microtubules are organized by the centrosome of the cell. The microtubule interacts with the chromosomes to form the mitotic spindle.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

o.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “polar body” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Polar body is the result of meosis process. This polar body cannot take part in the process of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Polar body: cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that is formed as an egg cell and cannot take place in fertilization is called a polar body.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

p.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “spermatocytes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Spermatocytes are the immature cells that are present in the testes of males. These cells develop in sperms on maturation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Spermatocytes: cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

Explanation of Solution

The male gametocytes or sperm cells that are found at early childhood in testes are called spermatocytes. They come from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. They undergo meiosis to produce cells with half the number of chromosomes.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “meiosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule-organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Meiosis is a reductional type of cell division in the living organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Meiosis: one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the parent cell and give rise to four gametes is called meiosis.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “meiosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule-organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Meiosis is a reductional type of cell division in the living organisms.

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Meiosis: one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the parent cell and give rise to four gametes is called meiosis.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gametes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Gametes are haploid and their fusion leads to the production of diploid zygote. These are the sex cells of organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gametes: haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell of opposite sex at the time of fertilization. This fusion results in the formation of a zygote.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “gametes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Gametes are haploid and their fusion leads to the production of diploid zygote. These are the sex cells of organisms.

Answer 20

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Gametes: haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

Answer 21

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell of opposite sex at the time of fertilization. This fusion results in the formation of a zygote.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “karyotype” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Karyotype can be defined as the entire set of the chromosomes that is particularly present in the cell.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Karyotype: the array of chromosomes in a given cell

Explanation of Solution

The complete set of chromosomes that is present in a cell is termed as karyotype. It exhibits the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “karyotype” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Karyotype can be defined as the entire set of the chromosomes that is particularly present in the cell.

Answer 27

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Karyotype: the array of chromosomes in a given cell

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

The complete set of chromosomes that is present in a cell is termed as karyotype. It exhibits the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus.

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Mitosis is a type of equational cell division that occurs in the somatic cell of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitosis: one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which parental cell replicates and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells is called mitosis.

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mitosis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Mitosis is a type of equational cell division that occurs in the somatic cell of the organisms.

Answer 34

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mitosis: one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

Answer 35

Explanation of Solution

The cell division in which parental cell replicates and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells is called mitosis.

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “interphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle during which nucleus does not undergo the division process.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Interphase: the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

Explanation of Solution

The stage between two consecutive mitotic divisions when nucleus is not dividing is termed as interphase.

Answer 37

Expert Solution

Answer 38

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “interphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle during which nucleus does not undergo the division process.

Answer 41

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Interphase: the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

Answer 42

Explanation of Solution

The stage between two consecutive mitotic divisions when nucleus is not dividing is termed as interphase.

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “syncytium” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Animal cells may contain one or more than one nuclei in number. Presence of more than one nuclei leads to the syncytium condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Syncytium: an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

Explanation of Solution

A syncytium is also known as symplasm. It is a single cell that contains more than one nucleus due to fusion of multiple cells or nuclear division.

Answer 44

Expert Solution

Answer 45

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “syncytium” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Animal cells may contain one or more than one nuclei in number. Presence of more than one nuclei leads to the syncytium condition.

Answer 48

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Syncytium: an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

Answer 49

Explanation of Solution

A syncytium is also known as symplasm. It is a single cell that contains more than one nucleus due to fusion of multiple cells or nuclear division.

Answer 50

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “synapsis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

At the chiasmata of chromosomes, the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Synapsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes

Explanation of Solution

The pairing of chromosomes pairs during meiosis is known as synapsis. It occurs during prophase I stage of meiosis.

Answer 51

Expert Solution

Answer 52

Expert Solution

Answer 53

Expert Solution

Answer 54

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “synapsis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

At the chiasmata of chromosomes, the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs.

Answer 55

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Synapsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes

Answer 56

Explanation of Solution

The pairing of chromosomes pairs during meiosis is known as synapsis. It occurs during prophase I stage of meiosis.

Answer 57

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “sex chromosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an organism at the time of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Sex chromosomes: X and Y

Explanation of Solution

The sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for the determination of sex of an organism. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Out of which, one pair of chromosomes contains sex chromosomes. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.

Answer 58

Expert Solution

Answer 59

Expert Solution

Answer 60

Expert Solution

Answer 61

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “sex chromosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an organism at the time of fertilization.

Answer 62

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Sex chromosomes: X and Y

Answer 63

Explanation of Solution

The sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for the determination of sex of an organism. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Out of which, one pair of chromosomes contains sex chromosomes. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.

Answer 64

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cytokinesis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Division of cytoplasm is referred to as cutokinesis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

Explanation of Solution

The process during which the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis.

Answer 65

Expert Solution

Answer 66

Expert Solution

Answer 67

Expert Solution

Answer 68

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “cytokinesis” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Division of cytoplasm is referred to as cutokinesis.

Answer 69

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

Answer 70

Explanation of Solution

The process during which the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis.

Answer 71

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “anaphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Anapahse is one of the phases of the cell cycle at which sepration of sister chromatids occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Anaphase: the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate.

Explanation of Solution

The replicated chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are moved towards the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase of the cell cycle.

Answer 72

Expert Solution

Answer 73

Expert Solution

Answer 74

Expert Solution

Answer 75

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “anaphase” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Anapahse is one of the phases of the cell cycle at which sepration of sister chromatids occurs.

Answer 76

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Anaphase: the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate.

Answer 77

Explanation of Solution

The replicated chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are moved towards the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase of the cell cycle.

Answer 78

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “chromatid” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Chromatid can be defined as the one of the two exactly similar halves of a specific chromosome during the process of replication.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Chromatid: one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

Explanation of Solution

A replicated chromosome has two identical thread like stands. Each strand is termed as chromatid.

Answer 79

Expert Solution

Answer 80

Expert Solution

Answer 81

Expert Solution

Answer 82

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “chromatid” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Chromatid can be defined as the one of the two exactly similar halves of a specific chromosome during the process of replication.

Answer 83

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Chromatid: one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

Answer 84

Explanation of Solution

A replicated chromosome has two identical thread like stands. Each strand is termed as chromatid.

Answer 85

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “autosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Autosomes are the chromosomes that are not at all involved in the determination of sex of the organisms.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Autosomes: chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

Explanation of Solution

Autosomes are a type of chromosomes which have genes but do not differ in different sexes. They have no role in sex determination.

Answer 86

Expert Solution

Answer 87

Expert Solution

Answer 88

Expert Solution

Answer 89

Summary Introduction

l.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “autosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Autosomes are the chromosomes that are not at all involved in the determination of sex of the organisms.

Answer 90

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Autosomes: chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

Answer 91

Explanation of Solution

Autosomes are a type of chromosomes which have genes but do not differ in different sexes. They have no role in sex determination.

Answer 92

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centromere” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centromere is the specifc point on the chromosomes at which attachment of spindle fibers occurs.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centromere: site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Explanation of Solution

The region of chromosome that connects the microtubules of the spindle during cell division is called centromere.

Answer 93

Expert Solution

Answer 94

Expert Solution

Answer 95

Expert Solution

Answer 96

Summary Introduction

m.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centromere” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centromere is the specifc point on the chromosomes at which attachment of spindle fibers occurs.

Answer 97

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centromere: site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Answer 98

Explanation of Solution

The region of chromosome that connects the microtubules of the spindle during cell division is called centromere.

Answer 99

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

n.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centrosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centrosomes are the specialized centers that help in the organization of the microtubules at the poles of spindle fibers.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centrosomes: microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

Explanation of Solution

The cell microtubules are organized by the centrosome of the cell. The microtubule interacts with the chromosomes to form the mitotic spindle.

Answer 100

Expert Solution

Answer 101

Expert Solution

Answer 102

Expert Solution

Answer 103

Summary Introduction

n.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “centrosomes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Centrosomes are the specialized centers that help in the organization of the microtubules at the poles of spindle fibers.

Answer 104

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Centrosomes: microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

Answer 105

Explanation of Solution

The cell microtubules are organized by the centrosome of the cell. The microtubule interacts with the chromosomes to form the mitotic spindle.

Answer 106

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

o.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “polar body” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Polar body is the result of meosis process. This polar body cannot take part in the process of fertilization.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Polar body: cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that is formed as an egg cell and cannot take place in fertilization is called a polar body.

Answer 107

Expert Solution

Answer 108

Expert Solution

Answer 109

Expert Solution

Answer 110

Summary Introduction

o.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “polar body” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Polar body is the result of meosis process. This polar body cannot take part in the process of fertilization.

Answer 111

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Polar body: cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

Answer 112

Explanation of Solution

A haploid cell that is formed as an egg cell and cannot take place in fertilization is called a polar body.

Answer 113

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

p.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “spermatocytes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Spermatocytes are the immature cells that are present in the testes of males. These cells develop in sperms on maturation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Spermatocytes: cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

Explanation of Solution

The male gametocytes or sperm cells that are found at early childhood in testes are called spermatocytes. They come from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. They undergo meiosis to produce cells with half the number of chromosomes.

Answer 114

Expert Solution

Answer 115

Expert Solution

Answer 116

Expert Solution

Answer 117

Summary Introduction

p.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “spermatocytes” among the options given below.

1. X and Y

2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes

3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles

5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

6. division of the cytoplasm

7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization

8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus

9. pairing of homologous chromosomes

10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells

11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell

12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible

13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells

14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete

15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate

16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids

Introduction:

Spermatocytes are the immature cells that are present in the testes of males. These cells develop in sperms on maturation.

Answer 118

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Spermatocytes: cells in the testes that undergo meiosis

Answer 119

Explanation of Solution

The male gametocytes or sperm cells that are found at early childhood in testes are called spermatocytes. They come from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. They undergo meiosis to produce cells with half the number of chromosomes.