Explanation The various endocrine glands and their effects are listed below. Hypothalamus: It stimulates the anterior and posterior pituitary to release or to control the release of their hormones via chemical signal. Pituitary gland: It is classified into two types, namely, anterior and posterior pituitary. Anterior pituitary: It produces the major hormones of the pituitary gland; they are as follows: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): It influences the growth of follicles in both males and females. In males, it stimulates the development of sperms, and in females, it plays a major role in the growth of ovary, estrogen secretion, and ovulation. Luteinizing hormone (LH): In females, it stimulates the process of ovulation, growth of the corpus luteum, and the release of estrogen and progesterone. In males, it stimulates the release of testosterone. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH): It influences the thyroid gland to release thyroxin. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): It triggers the adrenal cortex to release hormones, specifically glucocorticoids such as cortisol. Prolactin: It stimulates the synthesis and the secretion of milk in the mammary gland. Growth hormone: It stimulates synthesis of protein, fat metabolism , and growth. It is also involved in the inhibition of sugar metabolism. Posterior pituitary: It acts as a site of release for hormones that are synthesized in hypothalamus. Antidiuretic hormone: Its major function is reabsorption of water in the kidney. Oxytocin: It functions in both males and females. In males, it facilitates sperm ejaculation. In females, it involves in the contraction of uterine muscle during childbirth, maternal behaviors, and milk ejection. Thyroid: It releases the two major hormones called thyroxin and calcitonin. Thyroxin: It regulates the growth and development. It also increases body temperature and the metabolic rate of body cells. Calcitonin: It decreases blood calcium level and inhibits the release of calcium from bone. Parathyroid: It releases a hormone called parathyroid hormone, functions in the increase in blood calcium concentration by calcium release from bone, and absorption and reabsorption by the intestine and kidney, respectively. Pancreas: It involves in the secretion of both insulin and glucagon hormones, which regulate blood glucose concentration. Insulin: Its major function is to help cells to uptake glucose molecules in blood and convert excess glucose into glycogen in the liver...

12th Edition

ISBN: 9780134813448

Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.

Publisher: Pearson,

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Chapter 38.3, Problem 1CYL

Summary Introduction

To describe: The various endocrine glands and their hormones with effects.

Introduction: Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers, which are also called as endocrine hormones. The hormones reach the neighboring cells or distant parts of the body by traveling through the bloodstream. They are classified into steroid hormones, amino acid–derived hormones, and peptide hormones.

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