The three types of lymphocytes and the three types of phagocytes. Introduction: The cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes. There are three types of lymphocytes. However, the immune cells that attack the pathogens by the process of phagocytosis are called phagocytes. They engulf the attacking pathogens and kill them.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 36, Problem 1.1Q

Summary Introduction

To determine: The three types of lymphocytes and the three types of phagocytes.

Introduction: The cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes. There are three types of lymphocytes. However, the immune cells that attack the pathogens by the process of phagocytosis are called phagocytes. They engulf the attacking pathogens and kill them.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The three types of lymphocytes are as follows:

B lymphocytes:
B-cell lymphocytes are the cells that have to differentiate into other types of cells called plasma cells. These plasma cells are able to destroy an antigen. The primary function of the B cells is to produce humoral immune responses, antibodies, and memory cells.
T lymphocytes:
There are two types of T lymphocytes. These are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The cytotoxic T-cells are the cells that require activation molecules such as an antigen to kill antigens. The function of the cytotoxic T cells is to generate cellular responses. However, helpers T-cells are the cells that enhance the activity of both B and cytotoxic T-cells. The function of the helper T cells is to regulate the humoral and cellular responses.
Natural Killers (NK):
Natural killers (NK cells) are a type of lymphocytes that kill the pathogens by releasing harmful toxins and chemicals. They attack the body parts that are infected by viruses.

The three types of phagocytes are as follows:

Macrophages:
These are the phagocyte cells that engulf the invading pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They also help in the process of antigen presentation.
Dendritic cells:
The dendritic cells are the phagocytes that function very similarly to the macrophages. The dendritic cells engulf the pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They present the antigens to the T cells.
Neutrophils:
They are the phagocytes that are involved in the process of inflammation. They destroy the microorganisms that are present in the areas that are affected by inflammation.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 36, Problem 1.1Q

Summary Introduction

To determine: The three types of lymphocytes and the three types of phagocytes.

Introduction: The cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes. There are three types of lymphocytes. However, the immune cells that attack the pathogens by the process of phagocytosis are called phagocytes. They engulf the attacking pathogens and kill them.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The three types of lymphocytes are as follows:

B lymphocytes:
B-cell lymphocytes are the cells that have to differentiate into other types of cells called plasma cells. These plasma cells are able to destroy an antigen. The primary function of the B cells is to produce humoral immune responses, antibodies, and memory cells.
T lymphocytes:
There are two types of T lymphocytes. These are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The cytotoxic T-cells are the cells that require activation molecules such as an antigen to kill antigens. The function of the cytotoxic T cells is to generate cellular responses. However, helpers T-cells are the cells that enhance the activity of both B and cytotoxic T-cells. The function of the helper T cells is to regulate the humoral and cellular responses.
Natural Killers (NK):
Natural killers (NK cells) are a type of lymphocytes that kill the pathogens by releasing harmful toxins and chemicals. They attack the body parts that are infected by viruses.

The three types of phagocytes are as follows:

Macrophages:
These are the phagocyte cells that engulf the invading pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They also help in the process of antigen presentation.
Dendritic cells:
The dendritic cells are the phagocytes that function very similarly to the macrophages. The dendritic cells engulf the pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They present the antigens to the T cells.
Neutrophils:
They are the phagocytes that are involved in the process of inflammation. They destroy the microorganisms that are present in the areas that are affected by inflammation.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 36, Problem 1.1Q

Summary Introduction

To determine: The three types of lymphocytes and the three types of phagocytes.

Introduction: The cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes. There are three types of lymphocytes. However, the immune cells that attack the pathogens by the process of phagocytosis are called phagocytes. They engulf the attacking pathogens and kill them.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The three types of lymphocytes are as follows:

B lymphocytes:
B-cell lymphocytes are the cells that have to differentiate into other types of cells called plasma cells. These plasma cells are able to destroy an antigen. The primary function of the B cells is to produce humoral immune responses, antibodies, and memory cells.
T lymphocytes:
There are two types of T lymphocytes. These are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The cytotoxic T-cells are the cells that require activation molecules such as an antigen to kill antigens. The function of the cytotoxic T cells is to generate cellular responses. However, helpers T-cells are the cells that enhance the activity of both B and cytotoxic T-cells. The function of the helper T cells is to regulate the humoral and cellular responses.
Natural Killers (NK):
Natural killers (NK cells) are a type of lymphocytes that kill the pathogens by releasing harmful toxins and chemicals. They attack the body parts that are infected by viruses.

The three types of phagocytes are as follows:

Macrophages:
These are the phagocyte cells that engulf the invading pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They also help in the process of antigen presentation.
Dendritic cells:
The dendritic cells are the phagocytes that function very similarly to the macrophages. The dendritic cells engulf the pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They present the antigens to the T cells.
Neutrophils:
They are the phagocytes that are involved in the process of inflammation. They destroy the microorganisms that are present in the areas that are affected by inflammation.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 36, Problem 1.1Q

Summary Introduction

To determine: The three types of lymphocytes and the three types of phagocytes.

Introduction: The cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes. There are three types of lymphocytes. However, the immune cells that attack the pathogens by the process of phagocytosis are called phagocytes. They engulf the attacking pathogens and kill them.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The three types of lymphocytes are as follows:

B lymphocytes:
B-cell lymphocytes are the cells that have to differentiate into other types of cells called plasma cells. These plasma cells are able to destroy an antigen. The primary function of the B cells is to produce humoral immune responses, antibodies, and memory cells.
T lymphocytes:
There are two types of T lymphocytes. These are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The cytotoxic T-cells are the cells that require activation molecules such as an antigen to kill antigens. The function of the cytotoxic T cells is to generate cellular responses. However, helpers T-cells are the cells that enhance the activity of both B and cytotoxic T-cells. The function of the helper T cells is to regulate the humoral and cellular responses.
Natural Killers (NK):
Natural killers (NK cells) are a type of lymphocytes that kill the pathogens by releasing harmful toxins and chemicals. They attack the body parts that are infected by viruses.

The three types of phagocytes are as follows:

Macrophages:
These are the phagocyte cells that engulf the invading pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They also help in the process of antigen presentation.
Dendritic cells:
The dendritic cells are the phagocytes that function very similarly to the macrophages. The dendritic cells engulf the pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They present the antigens to the T cells.
Neutrophils:
They are the phagocytes that are involved in the process of inflammation. They destroy the microorganisms that are present in the areas that are affected by inflammation.

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Answer 5

Chapter 36, Problem 1.1Q

Summary Introduction

To determine: The three types of lymphocytes and the three types of phagocytes.

Introduction: The cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes. There are three types of lymphocytes. However, the immune cells that attack the pathogens by the process of phagocytosis are called phagocytes. They engulf the attacking pathogens and kill them.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The three types of lymphocytes are as follows:

B lymphocytes:
B-cell lymphocytes are the cells that have to differentiate into other types of cells called plasma cells. These plasma cells are able to destroy an antigen. The primary function of the B cells is to produce humoral immune responses, antibodies, and memory cells.
T lymphocytes:
There are two types of T lymphocytes. These are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The cytotoxic T-cells are the cells that require activation molecules such as an antigen to kill antigens. The function of the cytotoxic T cells is to generate cellular responses. However, helpers T-cells are the cells that enhance the activity of both B and cytotoxic T-cells. The function of the helper T cells is to regulate the humoral and cellular responses.
Natural Killers (NK):
Natural killers (NK cells) are a type of lymphocytes that kill the pathogens by releasing harmful toxins and chemicals. They attack the body parts that are infected by viruses.

The three types of phagocytes are as follows:

Macrophages:
These are the phagocyte cells that engulf the invading pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They also help in the process of antigen presentation.
Dendritic cells:
The dendritic cells are the phagocytes that function very similarly to the macrophages. The dendritic cells engulf the pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They present the antigens to the T cells.
Neutrophils:
They are the phagocytes that are involved in the process of inflammation. They destroy the microorganisms that are present in the areas that are affected by inflammation.

Answer 6

Chapter 36, Problem 1.1Q

Summary Introduction

To determine: The three types of lymphocytes and the three types of phagocytes.

Introduction: The cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes. There are three types of lymphocytes. However, the immune cells that attack the pathogens by the process of phagocytosis are called phagocytes. They engulf the attacking pathogens and kill them.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The three types of lymphocytes are as follows:

B lymphocytes:
B-cell lymphocytes are the cells that have to differentiate into other types of cells called plasma cells. These plasma cells are able to destroy an antigen. The primary function of the B cells is to produce humoral immune responses, antibodies, and memory cells.
T lymphocytes:
There are two types of T lymphocytes. These are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The cytotoxic T-cells are the cells that require activation molecules such as an antigen to kill antigens. The function of the cytotoxic T cells is to generate cellular responses. However, helpers T-cells are the cells that enhance the activity of both B and cytotoxic T-cells. The function of the helper T cells is to regulate the humoral and cellular responses.
Natural Killers (NK):
Natural killers (NK cells) are a type of lymphocytes that kill the pathogens by releasing harmful toxins and chemicals. They attack the body parts that are infected by viruses.

The three types of phagocytes are as follows:

Macrophages:
These are the phagocyte cells that engulf the invading pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They also help in the process of antigen presentation.
Dendritic cells:
The dendritic cells are the phagocytes that function very similarly to the macrophages. The dendritic cells engulf the pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They present the antigens to the T cells.
Neutrophils:
They are the phagocytes that are involved in the process of inflammation. They destroy the microorganisms that are present in the areas that are affected by inflammation.

Answer 7

Chapter 36, Problem 1.1Q

Summary Introduction

To determine: The three types of lymphocytes and the three types of phagocytes.

Introduction: The cells that are responsible for adaptive immunity are known as lymphocytes. There are three types of lymphocytes. However, the immune cells that attack the pathogens by the process of phagocytosis are called phagocytes. They engulf the attacking pathogens and kill them.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The three types of lymphocytes are as follows:

B lymphocytes:
B-cell lymphocytes are the cells that have to differentiate into other types of cells called plasma cells. These plasma cells are able to destroy an antigen. The primary function of the B cells is to produce humoral immune responses, antibodies, and memory cells.
T lymphocytes:
There are two types of T lymphocytes. These are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The cytotoxic T-cells are the cells that require activation molecules such as an antigen to kill antigens. The function of the cytotoxic T cells is to generate cellular responses. However, helpers T-cells are the cells that enhance the activity of both B and cytotoxic T-cells. The function of the helper T cells is to regulate the humoral and cellular responses.
Natural Killers (NK):
Natural killers (NK cells) are a type of lymphocytes that kill the pathogens by releasing harmful toxins and chemicals. They attack the body parts that are infected by viruses.

The three types of phagocytes are as follows:

Macrophages:
These are the phagocyte cells that engulf the invading pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They also help in the process of antigen presentation.
Dendritic cells:
The dendritic cells are the phagocytes that function very similarly to the macrophages. The dendritic cells engulf the pathogens and kill them by the process of phagocytosis. They present the antigens to the T cells.
Neutrophils:
They are the phagocytes that are involved in the process of inflammation. They destroy the microorganisms that are present in the areas that are affected by inflammation.