The origin of pain stimuli in appendicitis and the associated neural pathway . Introduction: Appendicitis refers to the medical condition characterized by the painful inflammation of the appendix leading to abdominal pain. The only way to treat this condition is the surgical removal of the appendix or appendicectomy.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 35, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The origin of pain stimuli in appendicitis and the associated neural pathway.

Introduction: Appendicitis refers to the medical condition characterized by the painful inflammation of the appendix leading to abdominal pain. The only way to treat this condition is the surgical removal of the appendix or appendicectomy.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The pain in appendicitis begins around the umbilicus (belly button), which may come and go. This pain then spreads to the lower right abdomen turning out severe and constant.

The mechanism for this acute pain in the abdominal region is as follows:

The injury to the appendix leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, serotonin, and acetylcholine that causes inflammation. This stimulates the activation of nociceptors or pain receptors through which pain impulses are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. As the pain due to appendicitis is fast and sharply discriminated, it follows the neospinothalamic tract, which means that pain impulses are transmitted from the spinal cord to the thalamus for the interpretation.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The neural mechanisms involved in the spasm of the overlying abdominal muscles.

Introduction: During appendicitis, the cramping in the abdominal region due to the rigid expansion of overlying muscles is referred to as abdominal spasm.

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Muscle spasm or guarding is a protective reflex rigidity. It acts as a protective mechanism as it minimizes the muscle movement and stabilizes the affected area. These spasms may result in mild, moderate, or severe pain in the lower region of the abdominal cavity.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The significance of cool and moist skin along with the increased blood pressure, and heart rate during appendicitis.

Introduction: The blockage of the appendix often by feces or any foreign body may cause it to swell. This swelling is referred to as appendicitis, which may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, severe cramps, and diarrhea.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Other than abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and severe cramps, appendicitis also show symptoms such as cool and moist skin, increased blood pressure, and heart rate. The blockage of the appendix leads to increased blood pressure, while its rupture may cause an increased heart rate. This cardiogenic shock causes cool and clammy skin.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 35, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The origin of pain stimuli in appendicitis and the associated neural pathway.

Introduction: Appendicitis refers to the medical condition characterized by the painful inflammation of the appendix leading to abdominal pain. The only way to treat this condition is the surgical removal of the appendix or appendicectomy.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The pain in appendicitis begins around the umbilicus (belly button), which may come and go. This pain then spreads to the lower right abdomen turning out severe and constant.

The mechanism for this acute pain in the abdominal region is as follows:

The injury to the appendix leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, serotonin, and acetylcholine that causes inflammation. This stimulates the activation of nociceptors or pain receptors through which pain impulses are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. As the pain due to appendicitis is fast and sharply discriminated, it follows the neospinothalamic tract, which means that pain impulses are transmitted from the spinal cord to the thalamus for the interpretation.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The neural mechanisms involved in the spasm of the overlying abdominal muscles.

Introduction: During appendicitis, the cramping in the abdominal region due to the rigid expansion of overlying muscles is referred to as abdominal spasm.

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Muscle spasm or guarding is a protective reflex rigidity. It acts as a protective mechanism as it minimizes the muscle movement and stabilizes the affected area. These spasms may result in mild, moderate, or severe pain in the lower region of the abdominal cavity.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The significance of cool and moist skin along with the increased blood pressure, and heart rate during appendicitis.

Introduction: The blockage of the appendix often by feces or any foreign body may cause it to swell. This swelling is referred to as appendicitis, which may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, severe cramps, and diarrhea.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Other than abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and severe cramps, appendicitis also show symptoms such as cool and moist skin, increased blood pressure, and heart rate. The blockage of the appendix leads to increased blood pressure, while its rupture may cause an increased heart rate. This cardiogenic shock causes cool and clammy skin.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 35, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The origin of pain stimuli in appendicitis and the associated neural pathway.

Introduction: Appendicitis refers to the medical condition characterized by the painful inflammation of the appendix leading to abdominal pain. The only way to treat this condition is the surgical removal of the appendix or appendicectomy.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The pain in appendicitis begins around the umbilicus (belly button), which may come and go. This pain then spreads to the lower right abdomen turning out severe and constant.

The mechanism for this acute pain in the abdominal region is as follows:

The injury to the appendix leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, serotonin, and acetylcholine that causes inflammation. This stimulates the activation of nociceptors or pain receptors through which pain impulses are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. As the pain due to appendicitis is fast and sharply discriminated, it follows the neospinothalamic tract, which means that pain impulses are transmitted from the spinal cord to the thalamus for the interpretation.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The neural mechanisms involved in the spasm of the overlying abdominal muscles.

Introduction: During appendicitis, the cramping in the abdominal region due to the rigid expansion of overlying muscles is referred to as abdominal spasm.

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Muscle spasm or guarding is a protective reflex rigidity. It acts as a protective mechanism as it minimizes the muscle movement and stabilizes the affected area. These spasms may result in mild, moderate, or severe pain in the lower region of the abdominal cavity.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The significance of cool and moist skin along with the increased blood pressure, and heart rate during appendicitis.

Introduction: The blockage of the appendix often by feces or any foreign body may cause it to swell. This swelling is referred to as appendicitis, which may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, severe cramps, and diarrhea.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Other than abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and severe cramps, appendicitis also show symptoms such as cool and moist skin, increased blood pressure, and heart rate. The blockage of the appendix leads to increased blood pressure, while its rupture may cause an increased heart rate. This cardiogenic shock causes cool and clammy skin.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 35, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The origin of pain stimuli in appendicitis and the associated neural pathway.

Introduction: Appendicitis refers to the medical condition characterized by the painful inflammation of the appendix leading to abdominal pain. The only way to treat this condition is the surgical removal of the appendix or appendicectomy.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The pain in appendicitis begins around the umbilicus (belly button), which may come and go. This pain then spreads to the lower right abdomen turning out severe and constant.

The mechanism for this acute pain in the abdominal region is as follows:

The injury to the appendix leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, serotonin, and acetylcholine that causes inflammation. This stimulates the activation of nociceptors or pain receptors through which pain impulses are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. As the pain due to appendicitis is fast and sharply discriminated, it follows the neospinothalamic tract, which means that pain impulses are transmitted from the spinal cord to the thalamus for the interpretation.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The neural mechanisms involved in the spasm of the overlying abdominal muscles.

Introduction: During appendicitis, the cramping in the abdominal region due to the rigid expansion of overlying muscles is referred to as abdominal spasm.

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Muscle spasm or guarding is a protective reflex rigidity. It acts as a protective mechanism as it minimizes the muscle movement and stabilizes the affected area. These spasms may result in mild, moderate, or severe pain in the lower region of the abdominal cavity.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The significance of cool and moist skin along with the increased blood pressure, and heart rate during appendicitis.

Introduction: The blockage of the appendix often by feces or any foreign body may cause it to swell. This swelling is referred to as appendicitis, which may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, severe cramps, and diarrhea.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Other than abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and severe cramps, appendicitis also show symptoms such as cool and moist skin, increased blood pressure, and heart rate. The blockage of the appendix leads to increased blood pressure, while its rupture may cause an increased heart rate. This cardiogenic shock causes cool and clammy skin.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 35, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The origin of pain stimuli in appendicitis and the associated neural pathway.

Introduction: Appendicitis refers to the medical condition characterized by the painful inflammation of the appendix leading to abdominal pain. The only way to treat this condition is the surgical removal of the appendix or appendicectomy.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The pain in appendicitis begins around the umbilicus (belly button), which may come and go. This pain then spreads to the lower right abdomen turning out severe and constant.

The mechanism for this acute pain in the abdominal region is as follows:

The injury to the appendix leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, serotonin, and acetylcholine that causes inflammation. This stimulates the activation of nociceptors or pain receptors through which pain impulses are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. As the pain due to appendicitis is fast and sharply discriminated, it follows the neospinothalamic tract, which means that pain impulses are transmitted from the spinal cord to the thalamus for the interpretation.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The neural mechanisms involved in the spasm of the overlying abdominal muscles.

Introduction: During appendicitis, the cramping in the abdominal region due to the rigid expansion of overlying muscles is referred to as abdominal spasm.

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Muscle spasm or guarding is a protective reflex rigidity. It acts as a protective mechanism as it minimizes the muscle movement and stabilizes the affected area. These spasms may result in mild, moderate, or severe pain in the lower region of the abdominal cavity.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The significance of cool and moist skin along with the increased blood pressure, and heart rate during appendicitis.

Introduction: The blockage of the appendix often by feces or any foreign body may cause it to swell. This swelling is referred to as appendicitis, which may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, severe cramps, and diarrhea.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Other than abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and severe cramps, appendicitis also show symptoms such as cool and moist skin, increased blood pressure, and heart rate. The blockage of the appendix leads to increased blood pressure, while its rupture may cause an increased heart rate. This cardiogenic shock causes cool and clammy skin.

Answer 6

Chapter 35, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The origin of pain stimuli in appendicitis and the associated neural pathway.

Introduction: Appendicitis refers to the medical condition characterized by the painful inflammation of the appendix leading to abdominal pain. The only way to treat this condition is the surgical removal of the appendix or appendicectomy.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The pain in appendicitis begins around the umbilicus (belly button), which may come and go. This pain then spreads to the lower right abdomen turning out severe and constant.

The mechanism for this acute pain in the abdominal region is as follows:

The injury to the appendix leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, serotonin, and acetylcholine that causes inflammation. This stimulates the activation of nociceptors or pain receptors through which pain impulses are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. As the pain due to appendicitis is fast and sharply discriminated, it follows the neospinothalamic tract, which means that pain impulses are transmitted from the spinal cord to the thalamus for the interpretation.

Answer 7

Chapter 35, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The origin of pain stimuli in appendicitis and the associated neural pathway.

Introduction: Appendicitis refers to the medical condition characterized by the painful inflammation of the appendix leading to abdominal pain. The only way to treat this condition is the surgical removal of the appendix or appendicectomy.

Answer 8

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The pain in appendicitis begins around the umbilicus (belly button), which may come and go. This pain then spreads to the lower right abdomen turning out severe and constant.

The mechanism for this acute pain in the abdominal region is as follows:

The injury to the appendix leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, serotonin, and acetylcholine that causes inflammation. This stimulates the activation of nociceptors or pain receptors through which pain impulses are transmitted to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. As the pain due to appendicitis is fast and sharply discriminated, it follows the neospinothalamic tract, which means that pain impulses are transmitted from the spinal cord to the thalamus for the interpretation.

Answer 9

A.

Expert Solution

Answer 10

A.

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The neural mechanisms involved in the spasm of the overlying abdominal muscles.

Introduction: During appendicitis, the cramping in the abdominal region due to the rigid expansion of overlying muscles is referred to as abdominal spasm.

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Muscle spasm or guarding is a protective reflex rigidity. It acts as a protective mechanism as it minimizes the muscle movement and stabilizes the affected area. These spasms may result in mild, moderate, or severe pain in the lower region of the abdominal cavity.

Answer 13

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The neural mechanisms involved in the spasm of the overlying abdominal muscles.

Introduction: During appendicitis, the cramping in the abdominal region due to the rigid expansion of overlying muscles is referred to as abdominal spasm.

Answer 14

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Muscle spasm or guarding is a protective reflex rigidity. It acts as a protective mechanism as it minimizes the muscle movement and stabilizes the affected area. These spasms may result in mild, moderate, or severe pain in the lower region of the abdominal cavity.

Answer 15

B.

Expert Solution

Answer 16

B.

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The significance of cool and moist skin along with the increased blood pressure, and heart rate during appendicitis.

Introduction: The blockage of the appendix often by feces or any foreign body may cause it to swell. This swelling is referred to as appendicitis, which may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, severe cramps, and diarrhea.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Other than abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and severe cramps, appendicitis also show symptoms such as cool and moist skin, increased blood pressure, and heart rate. The blockage of the appendix leads to increased blood pressure, while its rupture may cause an increased heart rate. This cardiogenic shock causes cool and clammy skin.

Answer 19

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The significance of cool and moist skin along with the increased blood pressure, and heart rate during appendicitis.

Introduction: The blockage of the appendix often by feces or any foreign body may cause it to swell. This swelling is referred to as appendicitis, which may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, severe cramps, and diarrhea.

Answer 20

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Other than abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, and severe cramps, appendicitis also show symptoms such as cool and moist skin, increased blood pressure, and heart rate. The blockage of the appendix leads to increased blood pressure, while its rupture may cause an increased heart rate. This cardiogenic shock causes cool and clammy skin.