Most suitable solvent for recrystallization of impure solids should be determined. Also, reason for the same should be determined. Concept introduction: Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization. 1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute. 2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures. 3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily. 4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration. 5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

Question

In the following reaction, what quantity in moles of CH₃OH are required to give off 4111 kJ of heat? 2 CH₃OH (l) + 3 O₂ (g) → 2 CO₂ (g) + 4 H₂O(g) ∆H° = -1280. kJ

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3.2, Problem 22E

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most suitable solvent for recrystallization of impure solids should be determined. Also, reason for the same should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Reason for ethanol and petroleum ether not to be used as suitable solvent for recrystallization should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Chemical structures for water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Solvent for recrystallization process should be selected in such way that solute particles remain undissolved in solvent at low temperatures but become soluble at high temperatures. It should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration. No reaction should occur between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most polar and least polar solvents among water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be determined.

Concept introduction:Polar solvents have dipole moment in them while there is no dipole moment in nonpolar solvents. Hexane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride are examples of nonpolar compounds whereas ammonia, water, hydrogen fluoride are polar solvents.

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In the following reaction, what quantity in moles of CH₃OH are required to give off 4111 kJ of heat? 2 CH₃OH (l) + 3 O₂ (g) → 2 CO₂ (g) + 4 H₂O(g) ∆H° = -1280. kJ

Indicate the processes in the dismutation of Cu2O.

1. Consider these three reactions as the elementary steps in the mechanism for a chemical reaction. 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 Potential Energy (kJ) 600 400 200 0 -200- -400 -600- -800 (i) Cl₂ (g) + Pt(s) → 2Cl (g) + Pt(s) (ii) Cl (g)+ CO (g) + Pt (s) → CICO (g) + Pt (s) Ea = 1550 kJ Ea = 2240 kJ (iii) Cl (g) + CICO (g) → Cl₂CO (g) Ea = 2350 kJ AH=-950 kJ ΔΗ = 575 ΚΙ AH=-825 kJ a. Draw the potential energy diagram for the reaction. Label the data points for clarity. The potential energy of the reactants is 600 kJ Reaction Progress b. What is the overall chemical equation? c. What is the overall change in enthalpy for the above chemical reaction? d. What is the overall amount of activation energy for the above chemical reaction? e. Which reaction intermediate would be considered a catalyst (if any) and why? f. If you were to add 2700kJ of energy to the reaction (e.g. 2700 kl of heat or electricity), would you be able to make the reaction reverse itself (i.e. have…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3.2, Problem 22E

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most suitable solvent for recrystallization of impure solids should be determined. Also, reason for the same should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Reason for ethanol and petroleum ether not to be used as suitable solvent for recrystallization should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Chemical structures for water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Solvent for recrystallization process should be selected in such way that solute particles remain undissolved in solvent at low temperatures but become soluble at high temperatures. It should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration. No reaction should occur between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most polar and least polar solvents among water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be determined.

Concept introduction:Polar solvents have dipole moment in them while there is no dipole moment in nonpolar solvents. Hexane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride are examples of nonpolar compounds whereas ammonia, water, hydrogen fluoride are polar solvents.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3.2, Problem 22E

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most suitable solvent for recrystallization of impure solids should be determined. Also, reason for the same should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Reason for ethanol and petroleum ether not to be used as suitable solvent for recrystallization should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Chemical structures for water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Solvent for recrystallization process should be selected in such way that solute particles remain undissolved in solvent at low temperatures but become soluble at high temperatures. It should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration. No reaction should occur between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most polar and least polar solvents among water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be determined.

Concept introduction:Polar solvents have dipole moment in them while there is no dipole moment in nonpolar solvents. Hexane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride are examples of nonpolar compounds whereas ammonia, water, hydrogen fluoride are polar solvents.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3.2, Problem 22E

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most suitable solvent for recrystallization of impure solids should be determined. Also, reason for the same should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Reason for ethanol and petroleum ether not to be used as suitable solvent for recrystallization should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Chemical structures for water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Solvent for recrystallization process should be selected in such way that solute particles remain undissolved in solvent at low temperatures but become soluble at high temperatures. It should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration. No reaction should occur between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most polar and least polar solvents among water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be determined.

Concept introduction:Polar solvents have dipole moment in them while there is no dipole moment in nonpolar solvents. Hexane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride are examples of nonpolar compounds whereas ammonia, water, hydrogen fluoride are polar solvents.

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Answer 5

Chapter 3.2, Problem 22E

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most suitable solvent for recrystallization of impure solids should be determined. Also, reason for the same should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Reason for ethanol and petroleum ether not to be used as suitable solvent for recrystallization should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Chemical structures for water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Solvent for recrystallization process should be selected in such way that solute particles remain undissolved in solvent at low temperatures but become soluble at high temperatures. It should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration. No reaction should occur between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most polar and least polar solvents among water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be determined.

Concept introduction:Polar solvents have dipole moment in them while there is no dipole moment in nonpolar solvents. Hexane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride are examples of nonpolar compounds whereas ammonia, water, hydrogen fluoride are polar solvents.

Answer 6

Chapter 3.2, Problem 22E

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most suitable solvent for recrystallization of impure solids should be determined. Also, reason for the same should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

Answer 7

Chapter 3.2, Problem 22E

a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most suitable solvent for recrystallization of impure solids should be determined. Also, reason for the same should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

Answer 8

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Reason for ethanol and petroleum ether not to be used as suitable solvent for recrystallization should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

Answer 9

b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Reason for ethanol and petroleum ether not to be used as suitable solvent for recrystallization should be determined.

Concept introduction:Criteria mentioned below should be used to select solvent for recrystallization.

1. Solvent should be able to dissolve desired compound in itself at high temperatures but insoluble at low temperatures. In short, solvent with favorable temperature coefficient should be used for particular solute.

2. Solvent should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.

3. Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily.

4. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration.

5. There should be no reaction between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

Answer 10

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Chemical structures for water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Solvent for recrystallization process should be selected in such way that solute particles remain undissolved in solvent at low temperatures but become soluble at high temperatures. It should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration. No reaction should occur between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

Answer 11

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Chemical structures for water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be drawn.

Concept introduction:Solvent for recrystallization process should be selected in such way that solute particles remain undissolved in solvent at low temperatures but become soluble at high temperatures. It should be chosen in such way that impurities are either insoluble in it or remain moderately soluble in it at low temperatures.Boiling point of desired solvent should be low so that it gets separated from crystals easily. Boiling point of solvent should be less than melting point of solid under consideration. No reaction should occur between solvent and substance that needs to be purified.

Answer 12

d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most polar and least polar solvents among water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be determined.

Concept introduction:Polar solvents have dipole moment in them while there is no dipole moment in nonpolar solvents. Hexane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride are examples of nonpolar compounds whereas ammonia, water, hydrogen fluoride are polar solvents.

Answer 13

d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Most polar and least polar solvents among water, ethanol, toluene, petroleum ether, 2-Butanone and acetic acid should be determined.

Concept introduction:Polar solvents have dipole moment in them while there is no dipole moment in nonpolar solvents. Hexane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride are examples of nonpolar compounds whereas ammonia, water, hydrogen fluoride are polar solvents.

Answer 14

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Answer 25

Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 1E Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 2E Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 3E Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 4E Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 5E Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 6E Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 7E Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 8E Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 9E Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 10E

Solution Summary: The author explains that ethanol and petroleum ether are not suitable solvents for recrystallization of impure solids.

Chapter 3 Solutions