LABORATORY MANUAL FOR HUMAN ANATOMY & PH
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781260254426
Author: Martin
Publisher: MCG
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Textbook Question
Chapter 31A, Problem 2.2A
What is the difference between a reflex response and a voluntary reaction to a stimulus? Which would you expect to have a shorter response time? Why?
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What is the basic difference between a local homeostatic response and a reflex?
Some researchers hypothesize that activity in certain regions of the brain represents the subjective value of an object being considered (meaning that the activity level in the brain region corresponds to how valuable the object is).
(a) name a brain region that might represent the subjective value of an object being considered, such as a donut, and explain a research finding that supports your answer.
(b) name a general factor that would influence the response of this brain region when a person views the donut (and state whether it would increase activity in the brain region or decrease it)
The reflex arc is the fastest way the body has to move a body part from danger or away from the source of pain. Have you ever noticed your own reflex response? Did you notice that you felt the pain after you yanked your hand away from the source of pain?
Which is the sequence of structures involved in a reflex response?
a. motor neurons → effectors → brain → sensory neurons → interneurons
b. effectors → sensory neurons → brain → motor neurons
c. sensory neurons → interneurons → motor neurons → effectors
d. sensory neurons → motor neurons → interneurons → effectors
Chapter 31A Solutions
LABORATORY MANUAL FOR HUMAN ANATOMY & PH
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- What happens when the response produced by the effector causes a decrease in the magnitude of the stimulus that triggered the sequence of events?arrow_forwardWhat do studies of patients with posterior parietal damage tell us about its role in action control? a. Action control is mostly acquired through imitation and awareness b. Action control relies on linking body state and position with object size and position c. Action control is mainly about movement execution d. Action control is flexible and stereotyped after extensive learningarrow_forwardAccording to Libet’s study, what is the order of events in a voluntary movement?A. People form an intention, then activity begins in the premotor cortex, and finally the movement starts.B. People form an intention at the same time that activity begins in the premotor cortex, and a bit later, the movement starts.C. Activity begins in the premotor cortex, and a bit later, people are aware of forming an intention, and finally the movement starts.D. Activity begins in the premotor cortex, and a bit later, people are aware of forming an intention, and simultaneously the movement starts.arrow_forward
- Which of the following homeostatic control systems anticipate fluctuations in a variable and speed up the response even before it is altered? (a) reflex arc (b) negative feedback (c) feedforward mechanisms (d)positive feedback (e) afferent pathwayarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is CORRECT in describing the positive feedback control systems in our body? Group of answer choices The response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop. The response reinforces the stimulus, sending the variable farther from the set-point. The response is able to move the variable closer to the set-point. The response is able to move the variable farther from the set-point by suppressing the stimulus.arrow_forwardThe ocular muscle has a very fast response time compared to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. What is the use for this? The muscle needs to react fast in order to respond quickly to external stimuli. The ocular muscle is quite thin and can easily twitch. The gastrocnemius muscle has too much muscle mass to be able to respond quickly. The soleus muscle is far away from the brain compared to the ocular muscle.arrow_forward
- local homeostatic responses differ from reflexes in that local homeostatic responses a. do not involve a stimulus b. never involve the external environment c. occur only in the area of stimulus d. are conciously controlledarrow_forwardDraw a well labelled diagram of reflex arc?arrow_forwardYou probably found that you could increase the quadriceps reflex action by having the subject clasp fingers and pull the arms in opposite directions. Why do you think this helps produce the reflex?arrow_forward
- We regularly make conscious decisions to make specific muscular movements. For example, when using the touch interface of your phone, you make a conscious effort to scroll up and down the screen using your finger. In contrast, there are many muscular movements that cannot be controlled voluntarily. For example, you cannot make your heart stop by thinking about it. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the parts of the nervous system that are involved in voluntary and involuntary actions, respectively? Select one: a. Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system and motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system b. Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system and sensory neurons of the somatic nervous system c. Sensory neurons of the somatic nervous system and sensory neurons of the autonomic nervous system d. Sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system and motor neurons of the autonomic nervous systemarrow_forwardHow do brainstem upper motor neurons regulate movement? a. This system utilizes a central pattern generator to regulate repetitive and rhythmic movements. b. This system is activated when you need to modify your movement depending on environmental conditions, such as adjusting to the weight and speed of an object. c. This system permits rapid motor reactions to unexpected changes in the environment. d. This system is activated when you perform a skilled movement, such as completing an expert golf swing or performing a gymnastics routine. e. This system permits movement initiation from a stationary position, such as standing up from a sitting positionarrow_forwardIn describing a positive feedback loop, which of the following would be true? a) the sensor and control center are always the same b) the effector signals the control center to shut off the initial stimulus c) the effect shuts off the initial stimulus d) the effect amplifies the initial stimuarrow_forward
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