(a)
Interpretation:
The name of quantity and the way it is measured by TGA technique is to be described.
Concept introduction:
TGA is a technique which is defined as the thermal analysis method, in which the physical and chemical properties of the material are measured.
Answer to Problem 31.1QAP
Name of quantity = measurement of the mass of the analytes sample.
TGA technique works as a function of temperature.
Explanation of Solution
TGA technique is termed as thermogravimetric analysis. This technique is used for measurement of the mass of the analytes sample. This technique works as a function of temperature, which helps in the measurement of the quantity.
(b)
Interpretation:
The name of quantity and the way it is measured by DTA technique is to be described.
Concept introduction:
This technique is used to determine the temperature difference between the analyte sample and the reference with respect of time or temperature.
Answer to Problem 31.1QAP
Name of quantity = Measuring the gap between analyte the sample and the chemically stable inert reference.
DTA technique works as a function of temperature.
Explanation of Solution
The DTA is termed as differential thermal analysis. This technique is used for measurement of the gap between analyte sample and the chemically stable inert reference or blank. This technique works as a function of temperature which helps to perform the measurement.
(c)
Interpretation:
The name of quantity and the way it is measured by DSC technique is to be described.
Concept introduction:
The difference in the amount of heat is determined by using the DSC technique and this difference in heat is useful in increasing the temperature of the sample and the inert reference as a function of temperature.
Answer to Problem 31.1QAP
Name of quantity = Measurement of the heat difference between analyte sample and the inert reference.
This technique is used for the calculation of the heat difference.
Explanation of Solution
The DSC technique is also termed as differential scanning calorimetry. In this, the heat difference of analyte sample and the reference sample is measured. The heat difference is calculated with respect of temperature. The heat or energy is transferred to the reference sample in exothermic process while in endothermic process, the energy or heat is transferred to analyte sample.
(d)
Interpretation:
The name of quantity and the way it is measured by microthermal analysis technique is to be described.
Concept introduction:
The microthermal analysis technique is defined as the combination of the DSC technique with high spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy.
Answer to Problem 31.1QAP
Name of quantity = the scanning of thermally sensitive probe which occurs on the surface of the sample.
The microthermal analysis technique works as a function of temperature and energy.
Explanation of Solution
In microthermal analysis, scanning of the thermally sensitive probe occurs on the surface of the sample. In this, the electric energy is used to maintain the temperature constant on probe which is measured and detected during the scanning process. The amount of energy required is less when the probe is near the region of the low thermal conductivity. Whereas, when probe is near to the region of high thermal conductivity, it requires high energy to maintain the temperature.
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Chapter 31 Solutions
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
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- R₂ R₁ R₁ a R Rg Nu R₂ Rg R₁ R R₁₂ R3 R R Nu enolate forming R₁ R B-Alkylated carbonyl species or amines Cyclic B-Ketoester R₁₁ HOB R R₁B R R₁₂ B-Hydroxy carbonyl R diester R2 R3 R₁ RB OR R₂ 0 aB-Unsaturated carbonyl NaOR Aldol HOR reaction 1) LDA 2) R-X 3) H₂O/H₂O ketone, aldehyde 1) 2°-amine 2) acid chloride 3) H₂O'/H₂O 0 O R₁ R₁ R R₁ R₁₂ Alkylated a-carbon R₁ H.C R₁ H.C Alkylated methyl ketone acetoacetic ester B-Ketoester ester R₁ HO R₂ R B-Dicarbonyl HO Alkylated carboxylic acid malonic ester Write the reagents required to bring about each reaction next to the arrows shown. Next, record any regiochemistry or stereochemistry considerations relevant to the reaction. You should also record any key aspects of the mechanism, such as forma- tion of an important intermediate, as a helpful reminder. You may want to keep track of all reactions that make carbon-carbon bonds, because these help you build large molecules from smaller fragments. This especially applies to the reactions in…arrow_forwardProvide the reasonable steps to achieve the following synthesis.arrow_forwardIdentify which compound is more acidic. Justify your choice.arrow_forward
Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning