The limiting factor for the size of the insects, among the tracheal density of the leg or the tracheal density of the entire body by describing the graph shown below. Introduction: Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda. The respiratory system of insects comprises spiracles and trachea. Spiracles are the small openings present on the exoskeleton of the insect. These openings are connected to the network of dense tubes called trachea or windpipe, which acts as the internal respiratory system for all the insects connecting pharynx and larynx to the lungs.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 31, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The limiting factor for the size of the insects, among the tracheal density of the leg or the tracheal density of the entire body by describing the graph shown below.

Introduction:

Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda. The respiratory system of insects comprises spiracles and trachea. Spiracles are the small openings present on the exoskeleton of the insect. These openings are connected to the network of dense tubes called trachea or windpipe, which acts as the internal respiratory system for all the insects connecting pharynx and larynx to the lungs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The oxygen diffuses through the spiracles present on the exoskeleton and is further passed to the underlying tracheal tubes. The tracheal tubes branch into tracheoles that deliver oxygen to tissues and cells via diffusion. A study showed that level of oxygen in the atmosphere plays a crucial role in the body size of arthropods.

This leads to more tracheal density inside the insect’s body, which differs in legs as compared to the body, because larger the body of an organism, more is the tracheal network and tracheal density required to supply oxygen to all the internal tissues. However, from the graph, it is clear that as the body length of the organism increases, the tracheal density also increases in both body (TrD_tot) and legs (TrD_leg) but was found to be decreased or absent as both reaches the upper limit. Between both legs and body, density in legs was found to be more as compared to density in the body in small-sized organisms but its levels were found to be absent as the body length of organism increases.

The reason for the above observation is the concentration of oxygen, which is less in the atmosphere (21%). Thus small organisms is more efficient in intake of oxygen due to their small body size and tracheal density is sufficient to supply appropriate amount of oxygen. In large organisms, enhanced tracheal network is required to supply air to each organ of the body. But this does not cope-up with the present available oxygen levels as more oxygen in air (during Paleozoic times) allow minimum metabolism to transport air to the farther trachea in insect and results in a decrease density of trachea in legs, causing a shortage of oxygen in the legs.

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that tracheal density in the legs is most limiting factor in the size of insects. This is so because large body length and size requires more tracheal network to transport air to all the tissues of body. Absence or less amount of trachea in legs of an organism shows the lack of oxygen supply in legs due to large body length.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 31, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The limiting factor for the size of the insects, among the tracheal density of the leg or the tracheal density of the entire body by describing the graph shown below.

Introduction:

Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda. The respiratory system of insects comprises spiracles and trachea. Spiracles are the small openings present on the exoskeleton of the insect. These openings are connected to the network of dense tubes called trachea or windpipe, which acts as the internal respiratory system for all the insects connecting pharynx and larynx to the lungs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The oxygen diffuses through the spiracles present on the exoskeleton and is further passed to the underlying tracheal tubes. The tracheal tubes branch into tracheoles that deliver oxygen to tissues and cells via diffusion. A study showed that level of oxygen in the atmosphere plays a crucial role in the body size of arthropods.

This leads to more tracheal density inside the insect’s body, which differs in legs as compared to the body, because larger the body of an organism, more is the tracheal network and tracheal density required to supply oxygen to all the internal tissues. However, from the graph, it is clear that as the body length of the organism increases, the tracheal density also increases in both body (TrD_tot) and legs (TrD_leg) but was found to be decreased or absent as both reaches the upper limit. Between both legs and body, density in legs was found to be more as compared to density in the body in small-sized organisms but its levels were found to be absent as the body length of organism increases.

The reason for the above observation is the concentration of oxygen, which is less in the atmosphere (21%). Thus small organisms is more efficient in intake of oxygen due to their small body size and tracheal density is sufficient to supply appropriate amount of oxygen. In large organisms, enhanced tracheal network is required to supply air to each organ of the body. But this does not cope-up with the present available oxygen levels as more oxygen in air (during Paleozoic times) allow minimum metabolism to transport air to the farther trachea in insect and results in a decrease density of trachea in legs, causing a shortage of oxygen in the legs.

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that tracheal density in the legs is most limiting factor in the size of insects. This is so because large body length and size requires more tracheal network to transport air to all the tissues of body. Absence or less amount of trachea in legs of an organism shows the lack of oxygen supply in legs due to large body length.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 31, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The limiting factor for the size of the insects, among the tracheal density of the leg or the tracheal density of the entire body by describing the graph shown below.

Introduction:

Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda. The respiratory system of insects comprises spiracles and trachea. Spiracles are the small openings present on the exoskeleton of the insect. These openings are connected to the network of dense tubes called trachea or windpipe, which acts as the internal respiratory system for all the insects connecting pharynx and larynx to the lungs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The oxygen diffuses through the spiracles present on the exoskeleton and is further passed to the underlying tracheal tubes. The tracheal tubes branch into tracheoles that deliver oxygen to tissues and cells via diffusion. A study showed that level of oxygen in the atmosphere plays a crucial role in the body size of arthropods.

This leads to more tracheal density inside the insect’s body, which differs in legs as compared to the body, because larger the body of an organism, more is the tracheal network and tracheal density required to supply oxygen to all the internal tissues. However, from the graph, it is clear that as the body length of the organism increases, the tracheal density also increases in both body (TrD_tot) and legs (TrD_leg) but was found to be decreased or absent as both reaches the upper limit. Between both legs and body, density in legs was found to be more as compared to density in the body in small-sized organisms but its levels were found to be absent as the body length of organism increases.

The reason for the above observation is the concentration of oxygen, which is less in the atmosphere (21%). Thus small organisms is more efficient in intake of oxygen due to their small body size and tracheal density is sufficient to supply appropriate amount of oxygen. In large organisms, enhanced tracheal network is required to supply air to each organ of the body. But this does not cope-up with the present available oxygen levels as more oxygen in air (during Paleozoic times) allow minimum metabolism to transport air to the farther trachea in insect and results in a decrease density of trachea in legs, causing a shortage of oxygen in the legs.

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that tracheal density in the legs is most limiting factor in the size of insects. This is so because large body length and size requires more tracheal network to transport air to all the tissues of body. Absence or less amount of trachea in legs of an organism shows the lack of oxygen supply in legs due to large body length.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 31, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The limiting factor for the size of the insects, among the tracheal density of the leg or the tracheal density of the entire body by describing the graph shown below.

Introduction:

Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda. The respiratory system of insects comprises spiracles and trachea. Spiracles are the small openings present on the exoskeleton of the insect. These openings are connected to the network of dense tubes called trachea or windpipe, which acts as the internal respiratory system for all the insects connecting pharynx and larynx to the lungs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The oxygen diffuses through the spiracles present on the exoskeleton and is further passed to the underlying tracheal tubes. The tracheal tubes branch into tracheoles that deliver oxygen to tissues and cells via diffusion. A study showed that level of oxygen in the atmosphere plays a crucial role in the body size of arthropods.

This leads to more tracheal density inside the insect’s body, which differs in legs as compared to the body, because larger the body of an organism, more is the tracheal network and tracheal density required to supply oxygen to all the internal tissues. However, from the graph, it is clear that as the body length of the organism increases, the tracheal density also increases in both body (TrD_tot) and legs (TrD_leg) but was found to be decreased or absent as both reaches the upper limit. Between both legs and body, density in legs was found to be more as compared to density in the body in small-sized organisms but its levels were found to be absent as the body length of organism increases.

The reason for the above observation is the concentration of oxygen, which is less in the atmosphere (21%). Thus small organisms is more efficient in intake of oxygen due to their small body size and tracheal density is sufficient to supply appropriate amount of oxygen. In large organisms, enhanced tracheal network is required to supply air to each organ of the body. But this does not cope-up with the present available oxygen levels as more oxygen in air (during Paleozoic times) allow minimum metabolism to transport air to the farther trachea in insect and results in a decrease density of trachea in legs, causing a shortage of oxygen in the legs.

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that tracheal density in the legs is most limiting factor in the size of insects. This is so because large body length and size requires more tracheal network to transport air to all the tissues of body. Absence or less amount of trachea in legs of an organism shows the lack of oxygen supply in legs due to large body length.

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Answer 5

Chapter 31, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The limiting factor for the size of the insects, among the tracheal density of the leg or the tracheal density of the entire body by describing the graph shown below.

Introduction:

Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda. The respiratory system of insects comprises spiracles and trachea. Spiracles are the small openings present on the exoskeleton of the insect. These openings are connected to the network of dense tubes called trachea or windpipe, which acts as the internal respiratory system for all the insects connecting pharynx and larynx to the lungs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The oxygen diffuses through the spiracles present on the exoskeleton and is further passed to the underlying tracheal tubes. The tracheal tubes branch into tracheoles that deliver oxygen to tissues and cells via diffusion. A study showed that level of oxygen in the atmosphere plays a crucial role in the body size of arthropods.

This leads to more tracheal density inside the insect’s body, which differs in legs as compared to the body, because larger the body of an organism, more is the tracheal network and tracheal density required to supply oxygen to all the internal tissues. However, from the graph, it is clear that as the body length of the organism increases, the tracheal density also increases in both body (TrD_tot) and legs (TrD_leg) but was found to be decreased or absent as both reaches the upper limit. Between both legs and body, density in legs was found to be more as compared to density in the body in small-sized organisms but its levels were found to be absent as the body length of organism increases.

The reason for the above observation is the concentration of oxygen, which is less in the atmosphere (21%). Thus small organisms is more efficient in intake of oxygen due to their small body size and tracheal density is sufficient to supply appropriate amount of oxygen. In large organisms, enhanced tracheal network is required to supply air to each organ of the body. But this does not cope-up with the present available oxygen levels as more oxygen in air (during Paleozoic times) allow minimum metabolism to transport air to the farther trachea in insect and results in a decrease density of trachea in legs, causing a shortage of oxygen in the legs.

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that tracheal density in the legs is most limiting factor in the size of insects. This is so because large body length and size requires more tracheal network to transport air to all the tissues of body. Absence or less amount of trachea in legs of an organism shows the lack of oxygen supply in legs due to large body length.

Answer 6

Chapter 31, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The limiting factor for the size of the insects, among the tracheal density of the leg or the tracheal density of the entire body by describing the graph shown below.

Introduction:

Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda. The respiratory system of insects comprises spiracles and trachea. Spiracles are the small openings present on the exoskeleton of the insect. These openings are connected to the network of dense tubes called trachea or windpipe, which acts as the internal respiratory system for all the insects connecting pharynx and larynx to the lungs.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The oxygen diffuses through the spiracles present on the exoskeleton and is further passed to the underlying tracheal tubes. The tracheal tubes branch into tracheoles that deliver oxygen to tissues and cells via diffusion. A study showed that level of oxygen in the atmosphere plays a crucial role in the body size of arthropods.

This leads to more tracheal density inside the insect’s body, which differs in legs as compared to the body, because larger the body of an organism, more is the tracheal network and tracheal density required to supply oxygen to all the internal tissues. However, from the graph, it is clear that as the body length of the organism increases, the tracheal density also increases in both body (TrD_tot) and legs (TrD_leg) but was found to be decreased or absent as both reaches the upper limit. Between both legs and body, density in legs was found to be more as compared to density in the body in small-sized organisms but its levels were found to be absent as the body length of organism increases.

The reason for the above observation is the concentration of oxygen, which is less in the atmosphere (21%). Thus small organisms is more efficient in intake of oxygen due to their small body size and tracheal density is sufficient to supply appropriate amount of oxygen. In large organisms, enhanced tracheal network is required to supply air to each organ of the body. But this does not cope-up with the present available oxygen levels as more oxygen in air (during Paleozoic times) allow minimum metabolism to transport air to the farther trachea in insect and results in a decrease density of trachea in legs, causing a shortage of oxygen in the legs.

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that tracheal density in the legs is most limiting factor in the size of insects. This is so because large body length and size requires more tracheal network to transport air to all the tissues of body. Absence or less amount of trachea in legs of an organism shows the lack of oxygen supply in legs due to large body length.

Answer 7

Chapter 31, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The limiting factor for the size of the insects, among the tracheal density of the leg or the tracheal density of the entire body by describing the graph shown below.

Introduction:

Insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda. The respiratory system of insects comprises spiracles and trachea. Spiracles are the small openings present on the exoskeleton of the insect. These openings are connected to the network of dense tubes called trachea or windpipe, which acts as the internal respiratory system for all the insects connecting pharynx and larynx to the lungs.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The oxygen diffuses through the spiracles present on the exoskeleton and is further passed to the underlying tracheal tubes. The tracheal tubes branch into tracheoles that deliver oxygen to tissues and cells via diffusion. A study showed that level of oxygen in the atmosphere plays a crucial role in the body size of arthropods.

This leads to more tracheal density inside the insect’s body, which differs in legs as compared to the body, because larger the body of an organism, more is the tracheal network and tracheal density required to supply oxygen to all the internal tissues. However, from the graph, it is clear that as the body length of the organism increases, the tracheal density also increases in both body (TrD_tot) and legs (TrD_leg) but was found to be decreased or absent as both reaches the upper limit. Between both legs and body, density in legs was found to be more as compared to density in the body in small-sized organisms but its levels were found to be absent as the body length of organism increases.

The reason for the above observation is the concentration of oxygen, which is less in the atmosphere (21%). Thus small organisms is more efficient in intake of oxygen due to their small body size and tracheal density is sufficient to supply appropriate amount of oxygen. In large organisms, enhanced tracheal network is required to supply air to each organ of the body. But this does not cope-up with the present available oxygen levels as more oxygen in air (during Paleozoic times) allow minimum metabolism to transport air to the farther trachea in insect and results in a decrease density of trachea in legs, causing a shortage of oxygen in the legs.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that tracheal density in the legs is most limiting factor in the size of insects. This is so because large body length and size requires more tracheal network to transport air to all the tissues of body. Absence or less amount of trachea in legs of an organism shows the lack of oxygen supply in legs due to large body length.

Answer 12

Ch. 31.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 31.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 31.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 31.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 31.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 31.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 31.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 31.4 - Prob. 1R Ch. 31.4 - Prob. 2R Ch. 31.4 - Prob. 3R

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