BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305967359
Author: STARR
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Chapter 30, Problem 2CT
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The reasons that the presence of the reflective layer at the back of the retina makes the eye more sensitive for the light and is also responsible for the reduced ability to distinguish fine details.
Introduction:
The eye is a sensory organ that detects the light and converts the image into electrical signals. These signals are transferred to the visual cortex of the brain. Specialized cells called photoreceptor cells receive the light and convert it to the neural signals. Cone cells and rod cells are two different types of photoreceptors. Cone cells are responsible for colored vision, and rod cells are responsible for visualization in the presence of very less light.
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Which is the correct order of passing information of light stimuli among cells in the
retina?
ganglion cell bipolar cells → photoreceptor
photoreceptor amacrine cells ganglion cell
horizontal cell photoreceptor ganglion cell
photoreceptor → bipolar cells → ganglion cell
We have three types of cones in the retina. Explain how we can see a large range of colors with only three types of cones:
key function of rod photoreceptors is to:
detect colors
detect fine details in the visual field.
detect light under low levels of illumination.
detect light under high levels of illumination.
During phototransduction, transducin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) that
converts:
GTP to GDP
CGMP to GMP
retinal cis to retinal trans
retinal trans to retinal cis
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- Occupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to loud noise of a particular pitch can cause loss of hair cells in the part of the cochlea that responds to that pitch. People who work with or around noisy machinery are at risk for such frequency-specific hearing loss. Taking precautions such as using ear plugs to reduce sound exposure is important. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented, but once it occurs it is irreversible because dead or damaged hair cells are not replaced. FIGURE 33.24 shows the threshold decibel levels at which sounds of different frequencies can be detected by an average 25-year-old carpenter, a 50-year-old carpenter, and a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to on-the-job noise. Sound frequencies are given in hertz (cycles per second), The more cycles per second, the higher the pitch. FIGURE 33.24 Effects of age aria occupational noise exposure. The graph shows the threshold hearing capacities fin decibels) for sounds of different frequencies (given in hertz) in a 25-year-okj carpenter (blue). a 50-year-old carpenter (red), arid a 50-year-ofd who did not have any on-the-job noise exposure (brown). 1. Which sound frequency was most easily detected by all three people?arrow_forwardFigure 36.18 Which of the following statements about the human eye is false? Rods detect color, while cones detect only shades of gray. When light enters the retina, it passes the ganglion cells and bipolar cells before reaching photoreceptors at the rear of the eye. The iris adjusts the amount of light coming into the eye. The cornea is a protective layer on the front of the eye.arrow_forwardFor vertebrate photoreception, define: (a) photopigment; (b) photoreceptor; and (c) receptive field.arrow_forward
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- Occupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to loud noise of a particular pitch can cause loss of hair cells in the part of the cochlea that responds to that pitch. People who work with or around noisy machinery are at risk for such frequency-specific hearing loss. Taking precautions such as using ear plugs to reduce sound exposure is important. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented, but once it occurs it is irreversible because dead or damaged hair cells are not replaced. FIGURE 33.24 shows the threshold decibel levels at which sounds of different frequencies can be detected by an average 25-year-old carpenter, a 50-year-old carpenter, and a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to on-the-job noise. Sound frequencies are given in hertz (cycles per second). The more cycles per second, the higher the pitch. FIGURE 33.24 Effects of age aria occupational noise exposure. The graph shows the threshold hearing capacities fin decibels) for sounds of different frequencies (given in hertz) in a 25-year-okj carpenter (blue), a 50-year-old carpenter (red), and a 50-year-otd who did not have any on-the-job noise exposure (brown). 3. Which of the three people had the best hearing in the range of 4,000 to 6,000 hertz? Which had the worst?arrow_forwardOccupational Hearing Loss Frequent exposure to loud noise of a particular pitch can cause loss of hair cells in the part of the cochlea that responds to that pitch. People who work with or around noisy machinery are at risk for such frequency-specific hearing loss. Taking precautions such as using ear plugs to reduce sound exposure is important. Noise-induced hearing loss can be prevented, but once it occurs it is irreversible because dead or damaged hair cells are not replaced. FIGURE 33.24 shows the threshold decibel levels at which sounds of different frequencies can be detected by an average 25-year-old carpenter, a 50-year-old carpenter, and a 50-year-old who has not been exposed to on-the-job noise. Sound frequencies are given in hertz (cycles per second). The more cycles per second, the higher the pitch. FIGURE 33.24 Effects of age aria occupational noise exposure. The graph shows the threshold hearing capacities fin decibels) for sounds of different frequencies (given in hertz) in a 25-year-okj carpenter (blue), a 50-year-old carpenter (red), and a 50-year-otd who did not have any on-the-job noise exposure (brown). 4. Based on these data, would you conclude that the hearing decline in the 50-year-old carpenter was caused by age or by job-related noise exposure?arrow_forwardMatch each of the following terms with the appropriate description. _____ somatic senses (general senses)a.produced by strong stimulation _____ special sensesb.endings of sensory neurons or specialized cells next to them _____ variations in stimulus intensity _____ action potentialc.taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision _____ sensory receptord.frequency and number of action potentials e.touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and muscle sensearrow_forward
- What are the stimuli for taste receptors?arrow_forwardWhat is meant by the statement Vision happens mainly in the brain?arrow_forwardList at least two ways the retina has adapted to minimize the potential problem caused by the photoreceptors being the last layer of the retina that light reaches?arrow_forward
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Visual Perception – How It Works; Author: simpleshow foundation;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DU3IiqUWGcU;License: Standard youtube license