Chapter 3, Problem 3.51AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The first and second ionization equations of the malonic acid are to be stated with the $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of each ionization.

Concept introduction:

The $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid is known as acid dissociation constant. It tells about the extent of dissociation of acid. Lower is the $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid, higher is the extent of dissociation of the acid.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The ionization state of the malonic acid is to be stated at $\text{pH}=4.3$.

Concept introduction:

The $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ of the acid represents the $\text{pH}$ at which the acid will be found in the protonated form or dissociated form. The acid is found in the dissociated form in the pH range equal to $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}-1$ to $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}+1$.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The number of moles of base per mole of malonic acid required to adjust the $\text{pH}=4.3$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ of the acid represents the $\text{pH}$ at which the acid will be found in the protonated form or dissociated form. The acid is found in the dissociated form in the $\text{pH}$ range equal to $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}-1$ to $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}+1$.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason as to why the first $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ of malonic acid is much lower than the $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ of acetic acid, but the second $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ of malonic acid is much higher than the $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ of acetic acid is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid is known as acid dissociation constant. It tells about the extent of dissociation of acid. Lower is the $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid, higher is the extent of dissociation of the acid.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

An explanation as to how the difference between the first and second $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ values of the dicarboxylic acid changes with the increase in the value of n is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid is known as acid dissociation constant. It tells about the extent of dissociation of acid. Lower is the $\text{p}{K}_{\text{a}}$ value of the acid, higher is the extent of dissociation of the acid.