The protons, neutrons, and electrons for each of the given element are to be determined. Concept Introduction: An atom consists of a nucleus and extranuclear space. Atoms of an element can exist in more than one form. Each form is termed as an isotope and only the number of neutrons is different in each form while the number of protons and electrons is the same. When an atom loses or gains an electron, it is termed as cation or anion, respectively. Cation bears a positive charge and contains more protons than electrons in it. Anion bears a negative charge contains fewer protons than electrons in it. The number of electrons of an ion is calculated by subtracting the charge from atomic number . Atomic number (Z) of an atom, as well as ion, is equal to the number of protons while mass number (A) is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. Atomic number is written as subscript and mass number is written as a superscript. The number of neutrons in an atom can be calculated by subtracting the atomic number from its mass number.

Question

4. a) Give a suitable rationale for the following cyclization, stating the type of process involved (e.g. 9-endo-dig), clearly showing the mechanistic details at each step. H CO₂Me 1) NaOMe 2) H3O® CO₂Me

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 26E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The protons, neutrons, and electrons for each of the given element are to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

An atom consists of a nucleus and extranuclear space.

Atoms of an element can exist in more than one form. Each form is termed as an isotope and only the number of neutrons is different in each form while the number of protons and electrons is the same.

When an atom loses or gains an electron, it is termed as cation or anion, respectively. Cation bears a positive charge and contains more protons than electrons in it. Anion bears a negative charge contains fewer protons than electrons in it.

The number of electrons of an ion is calculated by subtracting the charge from atomic number.

Atomic number (Z) of an atom, as well as ion, is equal to the number of protons while mass number (A) is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. Atomic number is written as subscript and mass number is written as a superscript.

The number of neutrons in an atom can be calculated by subtracting the atomic number from its mass number.

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