The innate immune responses are those immune responses, which are nonspecific and can act against both non-self and self-antigen. The innate immune response can be either immediate or induced.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The innate immune responses are those immune responses, which are nonspecific and can act against both non-self and self-antigen. The innate immune response can be either immediate or induced.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Commensal organism. The commensal organism play a vital role in immediate immune response.

Option (d) alternative pathway of complement system. The alternate pathway is triggered by the binding of the C3b directly to the immune system when C3b directly binds to microbe. It is a type of immediate response.

Option (g) Defensins. The defensins are the peptides present in the plasma, which act immediate against the pathogens as well as non-enveloped viruses.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) Scavenger receptors. The scavenger receptors are present in the macrophages, which bind to the bacteria or other pathogen for the phagocytosis. It is an induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) dectin 1. The dectin is also a membrane recognition protein, which has an important role in antifugal innate immunity. It is also a part of induced innate immunity. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) MyD88. The MyD88 related pathways activate TLR4 signaling and helps in getting rid of the bacteria. It is also associated with late induced innate immunity response. Hence, it is an incorrect option.

Option (f) CXCL8. It is also known as interleukin 8, produced by macrophages. It is also a induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (h) NOD1 and NOD2. It is an intracellular receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan fragmentation. It is also caused by induction of the complement system. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (i) lectin pathway of the complement system. It is a type of cascade response of the activation of the complement system. It proceeds by the action of C4 and C2. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

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*Example 2: Tracing the path of an autosomal dominant trait Trait: Neurofibromatosis Forms of the trait: The dominant form is neurofibromatosis, caused by the production of an abnormal form of the protein neurofibromin. Affected individuals show spots of abnormal skin pigmentation and non-cancerous tumors that can interfere with the nervous system and cause blindness. Some tumors can convert to a cancerous form. i The recessive form is a normal protein - in other words, no neurofibromatosis.moovi A typical pedigree for a family that carries neurofibromatosis is shown below. Note that carriers are not indicated with half-colored shapes in this chart. Use the letter "N" to indicate the dominant neurofibromatosis allele, and the letter "n" for the normal allele. Nn nn nn 2 nn Nn A 3 N-

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The innate immune responses are those immune responses, which are nonspecific and can act against both non-self and self-antigen. The innate immune response can be either immediate or induced.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Commensal organism. The commensal organism play a vital role in immediate immune response.

Option (d) alternative pathway of complement system. The alternate pathway is triggered by the binding of the C3b directly to the immune system when C3b directly binds to microbe. It is a type of immediate response.

Option (g) Defensins. The defensins are the peptides present in the plasma, which act immediate against the pathogens as well as non-enveloped viruses.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) Scavenger receptors. The scavenger receptors are present in the macrophages, which bind to the bacteria or other pathogen for the phagocytosis. It is an induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) dectin 1. The dectin is also a membrane recognition protein, which has an important role in antifugal innate immunity. It is also a part of induced innate immunity. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) MyD88. The MyD88 related pathways activate TLR4 signaling and helps in getting rid of the bacteria. It is also associated with late induced innate immunity response. Hence, it is an incorrect option.

Option (f) CXCL8. It is also known as interleukin 8, produced by macrophages. It is also a induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (h) NOD1 and NOD2. It is an intracellular receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan fragmentation. It is also caused by induction of the complement system. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (i) lectin pathway of the complement system. It is a type of cascade response of the activation of the complement system. It proceeds by the action of C4 and C2. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The innate immune responses are those immune responses, which are nonspecific and can act against both non-self and self-antigen. The innate immune response can be either immediate or induced.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Commensal organism. The commensal organism play a vital role in immediate immune response.

Option (d) alternative pathway of complement system. The alternate pathway is triggered by the binding of the C3b directly to the immune system when C3b directly binds to microbe. It is a type of immediate response.

Option (g) Defensins. The defensins are the peptides present in the plasma, which act immediate against the pathogens as well as non-enveloped viruses.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) Scavenger receptors. The scavenger receptors are present in the macrophages, which bind to the bacteria or other pathogen for the phagocytosis. It is an induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) dectin 1. The dectin is also a membrane recognition protein, which has an important role in antifugal innate immunity. It is also a part of induced innate immunity. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) MyD88. The MyD88 related pathways activate TLR4 signaling and helps in getting rid of the bacteria. It is also associated with late induced innate immunity response. Hence, it is an incorrect option.

Option (f) CXCL8. It is also known as interleukin 8, produced by macrophages. It is also a induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (h) NOD1 and NOD2. It is an intracellular receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan fragmentation. It is also caused by induction of the complement system. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (i) lectin pathway of the complement system. It is a type of cascade response of the activation of the complement system. It proceeds by the action of C4 and C2. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The innate immune responses are those immune responses, which are nonspecific and can act against both non-self and self-antigen. The innate immune response can be either immediate or induced.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Commensal organism. The commensal organism play a vital role in immediate immune response.

Option (d) alternative pathway of complement system. The alternate pathway is triggered by the binding of the C3b directly to the immune system when C3b directly binds to microbe. It is a type of immediate response.

Option (g) Defensins. The defensins are the peptides present in the plasma, which act immediate against the pathogens as well as non-enveloped viruses.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) Scavenger receptors. The scavenger receptors are present in the macrophages, which bind to the bacteria or other pathogen for the phagocytosis. It is an induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) dectin 1. The dectin is also a membrane recognition protein, which has an important role in antifugal innate immunity. It is also a part of induced innate immunity. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) MyD88. The MyD88 related pathways activate TLR4 signaling and helps in getting rid of the bacteria. It is also associated with late induced innate immunity response. Hence, it is an incorrect option.

Option (f) CXCL8. It is also known as interleukin 8, produced by macrophages. It is also a induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (h) NOD1 and NOD2. It is an intracellular receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan fragmentation. It is also caused by induction of the complement system. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (i) lectin pathway of the complement system. It is a type of cascade response of the activation of the complement system. It proceeds by the action of C4 and C2. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

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Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The innate immune responses are those immune responses, which are nonspecific and can act against both non-self and self-antigen. The innate immune response can be either immediate or induced.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Commensal organism. The commensal organism play a vital role in immediate immune response.

Option (d) alternative pathway of complement system. The alternate pathway is triggered by the binding of the C3b directly to the immune system when C3b directly binds to microbe. It is a type of immediate response.

Option (g) Defensins. The defensins are the peptides present in the plasma, which act immediate against the pathogens as well as non-enveloped viruses.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) Scavenger receptors. The scavenger receptors are present in the macrophages, which bind to the bacteria or other pathogen for the phagocytosis. It is an induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) dectin 1. The dectin is also a membrane recognition protein, which has an important role in antifugal innate immunity. It is also a part of induced innate immunity. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) MyD88. The MyD88 related pathways activate TLR4 signaling and helps in getting rid of the bacteria. It is also associated with late induced innate immunity response. Hence, it is an incorrect option.

Option (f) CXCL8. It is also known as interleukin 8, produced by macrophages. It is also a induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (h) NOD1 and NOD2. It is an intracellular receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan fragmentation. It is also caused by induction of the complement system. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (i) lectin pathway of the complement system. It is a type of cascade response of the activation of the complement system. It proceeds by the action of C4 and C2. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The innate immune responses are those immune responses, which are nonspecific and can act against both non-self and self-antigen. The innate immune response can be either immediate or induced.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Commensal organism. The commensal organism play a vital role in immediate immune response.

Option (d) alternative pathway of complement system. The alternate pathway is triggered by the binding of the C3b directly to the immune system when C3b directly binds to microbe. It is a type of immediate response.

Option (g) Defensins. The defensins are the peptides present in the plasma, which act immediate against the pathogens as well as non-enveloped viruses.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) Scavenger receptors. The scavenger receptors are present in the macrophages, which bind to the bacteria or other pathogen for the phagocytosis. It is an induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) dectin 1. The dectin is also a membrane recognition protein, which has an important role in antifugal innate immunity. It is also a part of induced innate immunity. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) MyD88. The MyD88 related pathways activate TLR4 signaling and helps in getting rid of the bacteria. It is also associated with late induced innate immunity response. Hence, it is an incorrect option.

Option (f) CXCL8. It is also known as interleukin 8, produced by macrophages. It is also a induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (h) NOD1 and NOD2. It is an intracellular receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan fragmentation. It is also caused by induction of the complement system. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (i) lectin pathway of the complement system. It is a type of cascade response of the activation of the complement system. It proceeds by the action of C4 and C2. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Conclusion

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The innate immune responses are those immune responses, which are nonspecific and can act against both non-self and self-antigen. The innate immune response can be either immediate or induced.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1Q

Correct answer:

The correct answer is option (b), (d) and (g).

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (b) Commensal organism. The commensal organism play a vital role in immediate immune response.

Option (d) alternative pathway of complement system. The alternate pathway is triggered by the binding of the C3b directly to the immune system when C3b directly binds to microbe. It is a type of immediate response.

Option (g) Defensins. The defensins are the peptides present in the plasma, which act immediate against the pathogens as well as non-enveloped viruses.

Explanation for the incorrect answer:

Option (a) Scavenger receptors. The scavenger receptors are present in the macrophages, which bind to the bacteria or other pathogen for the phagocytosis. It is an induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (c) dectin 1. The dectin is also a membrane recognition protein, which has an important role in antifugal innate immunity. It is also a part of induced innate immunity. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (e) MyD88. The MyD88 related pathways activate TLR4 signaling and helps in getting rid of the bacteria. It is also associated with late induced innate immunity response. Hence, it is an incorrect option.

Option (f) CXCL8. It is also known as interleukin 8, produced by macrophages. It is also a induced response. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (h) NOD1 and NOD2. It is an intracellular receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan fragmentation. It is also caused by induction of the complement system. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.

Option (i) lectin pathway of the complement system. It is a type of cascade response of the activation of the complement system. It proceeds by the action of C4 and C2. Hence, it is an incorrect answer.