The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance. Introduction: The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

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Question for assignment: Using a transgenic technique, propose an experiment to determine whether Cdx2 is sufficient for trophoblast development in the mouse embryo. Describe two results that you would expect to observe at the blastocyst stage if Cdx2 is indeed sufficient for trophoblast development. Be as specific as possible regarding the transgene that you propose for this experiment (including what gene's enhancer you would use in the transgene). Note: you do not need to explain the details of how a transgenic mouse is made. Describe the experiment in steps (Step 1: ..., Step 2: ... etc) and please keep your answer to under 150 words. TIPS FOR ANSWERING: DONT talk about stop cassetes/memory cassetes, focus on transgenes Paper (below) gave lots of results that you might see,, 6 diff ways that cdx2 is required for trophoblasts need specific gene enhancer (dont just say "expressed enhancer in genital ridge")

Question for assignment: Using a transgenic technique, propose an experiment to determine whether Cdx2 is sufficient for trophoblast development in the mouse embryo. Describe two results that you would expect to observe at the blastocyst stage if Cdx2 is indeed sufficient for trophoblast development. Be as specific as possible regarding the transgene that you propose for this experiment (including what gene's enhancer you would use in the transgene). Note: you do not need to explain the details of how a transgenic mouse is made. Describe the experiment in steps (Step 1: ..., Step 2: ... etc) and please keep your answer to under 150 words. TIPS FOR ANSWERING: DONT talk about stop cassetes/memory cassetes, focus on transgenes Paper (Cdx2 is required for correct cell fate specification and differentiation of trophectoderm in the mouse blastocust) gave lots of results that you might see,, 6 diff ways that cdx2 is required for trophoblasts need specific gene enhancer (dont just say…

Questions below true or false about the following statements on Drosophila eye development I am struggling with how to work through this... Hh, which is expressed by the developing photoreceptors in the anterior eye disc, induces cells in the morphogenetic furrow (MF) to express DPP, which is the ligand of DPP (BMP) signaling. Wg and Notch signaling inhibit while Hh and DPP signaling promote the co-expression of RD genes including Ey (Eyeless) and Eya (Eyes absent) in the preproneural (PPN) domain anterior to the MF. Co-expression of the retinal determination (RD) network genes Eya (Eyes absent), sine oculis (so), and Ey (Eyeless), which is observed in PPD domain of eye disc, are required for retinal determination and for induction of atonal expression. While EGFR signaling is not required for R8 specification, EGFR signaling is required for cell survival in posterior eye discs and for the differentiation of all the remaining cell types in the ommatidia. During…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

Answer 12

Ch. 3 - Prob. 1DQ Ch. 3 - Prob. 2DQ Ch. 3 - Prob. 3DQ Ch. 3 - Prob. 4DQ

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