The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance. Introduction: The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

a. What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent. b. What will happen to elimination of the drug in the previous question if the system is saturated? explain and show any math involved

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 1DQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The consequences of enhancer modularity to a developing individual and to a species. The effect of mutations in an enhancer development, if there were a mutation in the enhancer region of Pax6 gene on embryo. Does such a mutation have evolutionary importance.

Introduction:

The enhancer sequences on the DNA are same in every cell type, the combination of transcription factor proteins that the enhancers experience. When combined with enhancers, the transcription factors possess tendency to suppress or enhance the capacity of RNA polymerase II to initiate the process of transcription.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The transcription factors can combine with an enhancer, and the particular combination of transcription factors existence permits a gene to be vigorous in a specific kind of cell. The similar transcription factors in combination with distinct amalgamations of factors will stimulate different promoters in different cells.

The mouse Pax6 gene expressed in the lens, cornea, and retina of the eye, in the neural tube, and pancreas has several enhancers. Pax-6, paired box protein, known as aniridia type II is a protein encrypted by the PAX6 gene in the humans. The Pax-6 is a transcription factor present at the time of embryonic development and it is essential regulatory gene of the brain and eye development. The brain's interior contains proteins in the development of the specific cells that develops smell. Pax6 activates and deactivates the gene expression patterns to make sure for the proper progression of the tissue. Mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. The two usual disorder related to Pax-6 gene are thinning and clouding of the cornea, aniridia (absence of iris), and Peters' anomaly.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Therefore, it is concluded mutations in Pax-6 gene cause profound effect and numerous syndromes of the eyes. These mutations have evolutionary importance as these mutated gene is carried out by offspring to further generations.

Answer 12

Ch. 3 - Prob. 1DQ Ch. 3 - Prob. 2DQ Ch. 3 - Prob. 3DQ Ch. 3 - Prob. 4DQ

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