The omitted step in a Gram stain method that allow differentiation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells. Given: “Gram stain” “differentiation “and “ omitted step ” Introduction: In 1884, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Joachim Gram is discovered the Gram staining procedure to differentiate the bacteria into two groups, Gram-positive and Gram-negative. It is the preliminary step to identify the staining characteristics of bacteria based on the morphology and arrangement, which is observed under the light microscope. The main principle of Gram stain is used to differentiate based on the color retaining ability of the stain. Gram-positive bacteria retains crystal violet and appears violet or purple in color under the microscope. Since, the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria contain thicker peptidoglycan layer. So, it retains the stain during ethanol decolonization step. Whereas in the Gram-negative with thinner peptidoglycan layer denatured during ethanol step and retains the secondary stain (safranin) and appears pink color under the microscopic examination.

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engineered constructs that consist of hollow fibers are acting as synthetic capillaries, around which cells have been loaded. The cellular space around a single fiber can be modeled as if it were a Krogh tissue cylinder. Each fiber has an outside “capillary” radius of 100 µm and the “tissue” radius can be taken as 200 µm. The following values apply to the device:R0 = 20 µM/secaO2 = 1.35 µM/mmHgDO2,T = 1.67 x 10-5 cm2/secPO2,m = 4 x 10-3 cm/secInstead of blood inside the fibers, the oxygen transport and tissue consumption are being investigated by usingan aqueous solution saturated with pure oxygen. As a result, there is no mass transfer resistance in the synthetic“capillary”, only that due to the membrane itself. Rather than accounting for pO2 variations along the length ofthe fiber, use an average value in the “capillary” of 130 mmHg.Is the tissue fully oxygenated?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1A

Summary Introduction

To write:

The omitted step in a Gram stain method that allow differentiation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells.

Given:

“Gram stain” “differentiation “and “omitted step”

Introduction:

In 1884, the Danish scientist Hans Christian Joachim Gramis discovered the Gram staining procedure to differentiate the bacteria into two groups, Gram-positive and Gram-negative. It is the preliminary step to identify the staining characteristics of bacteria based on the morphology and arrangement, which is observed under the light microscope.

The main principle of Gram stain is used to differentiate based on the color retaining ability of the stain. Gram-positive bacteria retains crystal violet and appears violet or purple in color under the microscope. Since, the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria contain thicker peptidoglycan layer. So, it retains the stain during ethanol decolonization step. Whereas in the Gram-negative with thinner peptidoglycan layer denatured during ethanol step and retains the secondary stain (safranin) and appears pink color under the microscopic examination.

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