Foundations in Microbiology
Foundations in Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259705212
Author: Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Instructor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Question
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Chapter 2.L2, Problem 3CT

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H3C-CH=O and H2O with the help of a figure.

Introduction:

Chemical bonds are formed between different atoms so that atoms can complete their outer-most orbitals with electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital are called valence electrons and are responsible for the formation of a chemical bond. Atoms can share, donate or accept electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

With the help of diagrams if the molecules Cl2, NH3 and CH4 will be polar or not.

Introduction:

When atoms combine to form molecules, they form chemical bonds by sharing, donating or accepting electrons. In case of sharing, the combining atoms may or may not share the electrons equally. If one of the atoms is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electron cloud towards itself and acquires negative charge. The other atom thus acquires positive charge. Such a molecule is called polar.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a H+ concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H+ and OH- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H+ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a OH- concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H+ and OH- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H+ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kinds of bonds that magnesium can make based on the diagram of its atomic structure.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kind of ion that Magnesium would make, depending on its valence.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Explanation:

Looking at the atomic structure of Magnesium, it is observed that the 12 electrons are distributed is different orbital as 2, 8 and 2 electrons. The outer-most orbital has 2 electrons. Thus, Mg forms bonds by giving up its two valence electrons to atoms that may accept them. Thus, Mg loses 2 electrons to become positively charged ion Mg2+. Positively charged ions are also known as cations.

Foundations in Microbiology, Chapter 2.L2, Problem 3CT

Conclusion:

Magnesium loses two electrons from its outer-most orbital to gain positive charge on its ion.

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Chapter 2 Solutions

Foundations in Microbiology

Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 6CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 6ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 7ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 8ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 9ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 10ELOCh. 2.2 - Prob. 11ELOCh. 2.2 - 7. Explain how the concepti of molecules and...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 8CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 9CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 10CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 11CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 12CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 13CYPCh. 2.2 - Prob. 14CYPCh. 2.3 - Prob. 12ELOCh. 2.3 - 13. Explain solutes, solvents, and hydration.Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 14ELOCh. 2.3 - 15. Describe the pH scale and how it was derived;...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 15CYPCh. 2.3 - Prob. 16CYPCh. 2.3 - 17. What properties of water make it an effective...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 18CYPCh. 2.3 - 19. What determines whether a substance is an acid...Ch. 2.4 - 16. Describe the chemistry of carbon and the...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 17ELOCh. 2.4 - Prob. 18ELOCh. 2.4 - Prob. 20CYPCh. 2.4 - Prob. 21CYPCh. 2.4 - Prob. 22CYPCh. 2.4 - 23. What are functional groups?Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 24CYPCh. 2.5 - 19. Define carbohydrate and know the functional...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 20ELOCh. 2.5 - 21. Discuss the functions of carbohydrates in...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 25CYPCh. 2.5 - Prob. 26CYPCh. 2.5 - 27. What are some of the functions of...Ch. 2.6 - 22. Define lipid, triglyceride, phospholipid,...Ch. 2.6 - 23. Describe how an ester bond is formed.Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 24ELOCh. 2.6 - 28. Draw simple structural molecules of...Ch. 2.7 - 25. Describe the structures of peptides and...Ch. 2.7 - 26. Characterize the four levels of protein...Ch. 2.7 - 27. Summarize some of the essential functions of...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 29CYPCh. 2.7 - 30. Differentiate between a peptide, a...Ch. 2.7 - 31. Explain what causes the various levels of...Ch. 2.7 - 32. What functions do proteins perform in a cell?Ch. 2.8 - 28. Identify a nucleic acid and differentiate...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 29ELOCh. 2.8 - 30. Explain how the DNA code may be copied, and...Ch. 2.8 - 33. Describe a nucleotide and a polynucleotide,...Ch. 2.8 - 34. Name the two purines and the three...Ch. 2.8 - 35. What are the functions of RNA?Ch. 2.8 - 36.What is ATP, and how does it function in cells?Ch. 2.L1 - 1. The smallest unit of matter with unique...Ch. 2.L1 - 2. The charge of a proton is exactly balanced by...Ch. 2.L1 - Prob. 3MCQCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 7MCQCh. 2.L1 - 8. An atom that can donate electrons during a...Ch. 2.L1 - 9. In a solution of NaCl and water, NaCl is the...Ch. 2.L1 - 10. A solution with a pH of 2 than a solution with...Ch. 2.L1 - 11. Fructose is a type of a. disaccharide b....Ch. 2.L1 - 6. Bonds in which atoms share electrons are...Ch. 2.L1 - 13. How is our understanding of microbiology...Ch. 2.L1 - 14. A phospholipid contains a. three fatty acids...Ch. 2.L1 - 15. Proteins are synthesized by linking amino...Ch. 2.L1 - 16. The amino acid that accounts for disulfide...Ch. 2.L1 - 17. DNA is a hereditary molecule that is composed...Ch. 2.L1 - 18. What is meant by the term DMA replication? a....Ch. 2.L1 - 19. Proteins can function as a. enzymes b....Ch. 2.L1 - 20. RNA plays an important role in what biological...Ch. 2.L1 - 1. Which of the following has not been a major...Ch. 2.L1 - 2. What was a significant result of the Mars...Ch. 2.L1 - Prob. 3CSRCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 1WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 2WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 3WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 4WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 5WCCh. 2.L1 - 6. Why are hydrogen bonds relatively weak?Ch. 2.L1 - 7. What kind of substances will be expected to be...Ch. 2.L1 - Prob. 8WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 9WCCh. 2.L1 - 10. What makes the amino acids distinctive, and...Ch. 2.L1 - Prob. 11WCCh. 2.L1 - Prob. 12WCCh. 2.L1 - 6. Bonds in which atoms share electrons are...Ch. 2.L2 - Prob. 1CTCh. 2.L2 - Prob. 2CTCh. 2.L2 - Prob. 3CTCh. 2.L2 - 4. Distinguish between polar and ionic compounds.Ch. 2.L2 - 5. Is galactose an aldehyde or a ketone sugar?Ch. 2.L2 - 6. a. How many water molecules are released when a...Ch. 2.L2 - Prob. 7CTCh. 2.L2 - Prob. 8CTCh. 2.L2 - Prob. 1VC
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