Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H 3 C-CH=O and H 2 O with the help of a figure. Introduction: Chemical bonds are formed between different atoms so that atoms can complete their outer-most orbitals with electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital are called valence electrons and are responsible for the formation of a chemical bond. Atoms can share, donate or accept electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2.L2, Problem 3CT

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H₃C-CH=O and H₂O with the help of a figure.

Introduction:

Chemical bonds are formed between different atoms so that atoms can complete their outer-most orbitals with electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital are called valence electrons and are responsible for the formation of a chemical bond. Atoms can share, donate or accept electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

With the help of diagrams if the molecules Cl₂, NH₃ and CH₄ will be polar or not.

Introduction:

When atoms combine to form molecules, they form chemical bonds by sharing, donating or accepting electrons. In case of sharing, the combining atoms may or may not share the electrons equally. If one of the atoms is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electron cloud towards itself and acquires negative charge. The other atom thus acquires positive charge. Such a molecule is called polar.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a H⁺ concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a OH^- concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kinds of bonds that magnesium can make based on the diagram of its atomic structure.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kind of ion that Magnesium would make, depending on its valence.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Explanation:

Looking at the atomic structure of Magnesium, it is observed that the 12 electrons are distributed is different orbital as 2, 8 and 2 electrons. The outer-most orbital has 2 electrons. Thus, Mg forms bonds by giving up its two valence electrons to atoms that may accept them. Thus, Mg loses 2 electrons to become positively charged ion Mg²⁺. Positively charged ions are also known as cations.

Conclusion:

Magnesium loses two electrons from its outer-most orbital to gain positive charge on its ion.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2.L2, Problem 3CT

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H₃C-CH=O and H₂O with the help of a figure.

Introduction:

Chemical bonds are formed between different atoms so that atoms can complete their outer-most orbitals with electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital are called valence electrons and are responsible for the formation of a chemical bond. Atoms can share, donate or accept electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

With the help of diagrams if the molecules Cl₂, NH₃ and CH₄ will be polar or not.

Introduction:

When atoms combine to form molecules, they form chemical bonds by sharing, donating or accepting electrons. In case of sharing, the combining atoms may or may not share the electrons equally. If one of the atoms is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electron cloud towards itself and acquires negative charge. The other atom thus acquires positive charge. Such a molecule is called polar.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a H⁺ concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a OH^- concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kinds of bonds that magnesium can make based on the diagram of its atomic structure.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kind of ion that Magnesium would make, depending on its valence.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Explanation:

Looking at the atomic structure of Magnesium, it is observed that the 12 electrons are distributed is different orbital as 2, 8 and 2 electrons. The outer-most orbital has 2 electrons. Thus, Mg forms bonds by giving up its two valence electrons to atoms that may accept them. Thus, Mg loses 2 electrons to become positively charged ion Mg²⁺. Positively charged ions are also known as cations.

Conclusion:

Magnesium loses two electrons from its outer-most orbital to gain positive charge on its ion.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2.L2, Problem 3CT

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H₃C-CH=O and H₂O with the help of a figure.

Introduction:

Chemical bonds are formed between different atoms so that atoms can complete their outer-most orbitals with electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital are called valence electrons and are responsible for the formation of a chemical bond. Atoms can share, donate or accept electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

With the help of diagrams if the molecules Cl₂, NH₃ and CH₄ will be polar or not.

Introduction:

When atoms combine to form molecules, they form chemical bonds by sharing, donating or accepting electrons. In case of sharing, the combining atoms may or may not share the electrons equally. If one of the atoms is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electron cloud towards itself and acquires negative charge. The other atom thus acquires positive charge. Such a molecule is called polar.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a H⁺ concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a OH^- concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kinds of bonds that magnesium can make based on the diagram of its atomic structure.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kind of ion that Magnesium would make, depending on its valence.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Explanation:

Looking at the atomic structure of Magnesium, it is observed that the 12 electrons are distributed is different orbital as 2, 8 and 2 electrons. The outer-most orbital has 2 electrons. Thus, Mg forms bonds by giving up its two valence electrons to atoms that may accept them. Thus, Mg loses 2 electrons to become positively charged ion Mg²⁺. Positively charged ions are also known as cations.

Conclusion:

Magnesium loses two electrons from its outer-most orbital to gain positive charge on its ion.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2.L2, Problem 3CT

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H₃C-CH=O and H₂O with the help of a figure.

Introduction:

Chemical bonds are formed between different atoms so that atoms can complete their outer-most orbitals with electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital are called valence electrons and are responsible for the formation of a chemical bond. Atoms can share, donate or accept electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

With the help of diagrams if the molecules Cl₂, NH₃ and CH₄ will be polar or not.

Introduction:

When atoms combine to form molecules, they form chemical bonds by sharing, donating or accepting electrons. In case of sharing, the combining atoms may or may not share the electrons equally. If one of the atoms is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electron cloud towards itself and acquires negative charge. The other atom thus acquires positive charge. Such a molecule is called polar.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a H⁺ concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a OH^- concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kinds of bonds that magnesium can make based on the diagram of its atomic structure.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kind of ion that Magnesium would make, depending on its valence.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Explanation:

Looking at the atomic structure of Magnesium, it is observed that the 12 electrons are distributed is different orbital as 2, 8 and 2 electrons. The outer-most orbital has 2 electrons. Thus, Mg forms bonds by giving up its two valence electrons to atoms that may accept them. Thus, Mg loses 2 electrons to become positively charged ion Mg²⁺. Positively charged ions are also known as cations.

Conclusion:

Magnesium loses two electrons from its outer-most orbital to gain positive charge on its ion.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 2.L2, Problem 3CT

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H₃C-CH=O and H₂O with the help of a figure.

Introduction:

Chemical bonds are formed between different atoms so that atoms can complete their outer-most orbitals with electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital are called valence electrons and are responsible for the formation of a chemical bond. Atoms can share, donate or accept electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

With the help of diagrams if the molecules Cl₂, NH₃ and CH₄ will be polar or not.

Introduction:

When atoms combine to form molecules, they form chemical bonds by sharing, donating or accepting electrons. In case of sharing, the combining atoms may or may not share the electrons equally. If one of the atoms is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electron cloud towards itself and acquires negative charge. The other atom thus acquires positive charge. Such a molecule is called polar.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a H⁺ concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a OH^- concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kinds of bonds that magnesium can make based on the diagram of its atomic structure.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kind of ion that Magnesium would make, depending on its valence.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Explanation:

Looking at the atomic structure of Magnesium, it is observed that the 12 electrons are distributed is different orbital as 2, 8 and 2 electrons. The outer-most orbital has 2 electrons. Thus, Mg forms bonds by giving up its two valence electrons to atoms that may accept them. Thus, Mg loses 2 electrons to become positively charged ion Mg²⁺. Positively charged ions are also known as cations.

Conclusion:

Magnesium loses two electrons from its outer-most orbital to gain positive charge on its ion.

Answer 6

Chapter 2.L2, Problem 3CT

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H₃C-CH=O and H₂O with the help of a figure.

Introduction:

Chemical bonds are formed between different atoms so that atoms can complete their outer-most orbitals with electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital are called valence electrons and are responsible for the formation of a chemical bond. Atoms can share, donate or accept electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

Answer 7

Chapter 2.L2, Problem 3CT

(a)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

Whether a H bond will be formed in a reaction between H₃C-CH=O and H₂O with the help of a figure.

Introduction:

Chemical bonds are formed between different atoms so that atoms can complete their outer-most orbitals with electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital are called valence electrons and are responsible for the formation of a chemical bond. Atoms can share, donate or accept electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

Answer 8

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

With the help of diagrams if the molecules Cl₂, NH₃ and CH₄ will be polar or not.

Introduction:

When atoms combine to form molecules, they form chemical bonds by sharing, donating or accepting electrons. In case of sharing, the combining atoms may or may not share the electrons equally. If one of the atoms is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electron cloud towards itself and acquires negative charge. The other atom thus acquires positive charge. Such a molecule is called polar.

Answer 9

(b)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

With the help of diagrams if the molecules Cl₂, NH₃ and CH₄ will be polar or not.

Introduction:

When atoms combine to form molecules, they form chemical bonds by sharing, donating or accepting electrons. In case of sharing, the combining atoms may or may not share the electrons equally. If one of the atoms is more electronegative, it pulls the shared electron cloud towards itself and acquires negative charge. The other atom thus acquires positive charge. Such a molecule is called polar.

Answer 10

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a H⁺ concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

Answer 11

(c)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a H⁺ concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

Answer 12

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a OH^- concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

Answer 13

(d)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The pH of a solution with a OH^- concentration of 0.00001 M.

Introduction:

Dissociation of water results in generation of H⁺ and OH^- ions. However, these ions are equal in number. Acids are compounds that release H⁺ in solution and bases are compounds that release OH^- in solution. The pH scale expresses the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution. pH less than 7 is indicative of acidic solution and pH above 7 indicates a basic (alkaline) solution. pH 7 is an indicator of a neutral solution.

Answer 14

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kinds of bonds that magnesium can make based on the diagram of its atomic structure.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Answer 15

(e)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kinds of bonds that magnesium can make based on the diagram of its atomic structure.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Answer 16

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kind of ion that Magnesium would make, depending on its valence.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Explanation:

Looking at the atomic structure of Magnesium, it is observed that the 12 electrons are distributed is different orbital as 2, 8 and 2 electrons. The outer-most orbital has 2 electrons. Thus, Mg forms bonds by giving up its two valence electrons to atoms that may accept them. Thus, Mg loses 2 electrons to become positively charged ion Mg²⁺. Positively charged ions are also known as cations.

Conclusion:

Magnesium loses two electrons from its outer-most orbital to gain positive charge on its ion.

Answer 17

(f)

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The kind of ion that Magnesium would make, depending on its valence.

Introduction:

Atoms combine with other atoms by making chemical bonds with them. These bonds can be made by either sharing, donating or accepting electrons. The number of electrons in the outer-most orbital of an atom determine its tendency to form bonds. These electrons are called valence electrons. Chemical bonds are formed in a way that the outer-most orbital is completely filled with electrons.

Explanation:

Looking at the atomic structure of Magnesium, it is observed that the 12 electrons are distributed is different orbital as 2, 8 and 2 electrons. The outer-most orbital has 2 electrons. Thus, Mg forms bonds by giving up its two valence electrons to atoms that may accept them. Thus, Mg loses 2 electrons to become positively charged ion Mg²⁺. Positively charged ions are also known as cations.

Conclusion:

Magnesium loses two electrons from its outer-most orbital to gain positive charge on its ion.

Answer 18

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Answer 19

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1ELO Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2ELO Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 3ELO Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 4ELO Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 5ELO Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1CYP Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2CYP Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 3CYP Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 4CYP Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 5CYP

Solution Summary: The author explains how atoms form chemical bonds by sharing, donating, or accepting electrons in order to complete their outer-most orbitals.

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Chapter 2 Solutions