Explanation Introduction: When any nucleus emits an alpha particle ( α ) , the change in the mass number ( A ) and atomic number ( Z ) is: Z A X → α decay Z − 2 A − 4 Y + 2 4 He When any nucleus emits a beta-minus ( β − ) particle, the change in the mass number ( A ) and atomic number ( Z ) is: Z A X → β − decay Z + 1 A Y + − 1 0 e + ν ¯ Explanation: The series of radioactive decay starts with Thorium 90 232 Th . The first conversion occurs when Thorium 90 232 Th emits an alpha particle. The equation representing the alpha decay of the Thorium nucleus is: 90 232 Th → α decay 88 228 Ra + 2 4 He By emitting an alpha particle, the Thorium nucleus transforms to a Radium nucleus. Further, the newly formed nucleus undergoes β − 1 decay which leads to the formation of Actinium nucleus along with the emission of antineutrino, which is represented as: 88 228 Ra → β − decay 89 228 Ac + − 1 0 e + ν ¯ The nucleus of Actinium further undergoes β − 1 decay which leads to the formation of Thorium 90 228 Th along with the emission of antineutrino, which is represented as: 89 228 Ac → β − decay 90 228 Th+ − 1 0 e + ν ¯ Now alpha decay of Thorium takes place and its transformation occurs. After the emission of the alpha particle, thorium will change into Radium 88 224 Ra . T 90 228 h → α decay 88 224 Ra + 2 4 He Radium 88 224 Ra again undergoes alpha decay and the daughter nucleus that is Radon 86 220 Rn is thus formed and the following transformation occurs: 88 224 Ra → α decay 86 220 Rn + 2 4 He Radon 86 220 Rn undergoes an alpha decay and forms Polonium 84 216 Po

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Nuclear Reactions

Nuclear reactions are processes in which the fundamental characteristics of a nucleus changes. They change into a completely different nucleus. These processes occur naturally in an unstable nucleus. Bombarding an energetic particle can induce nuclear re…

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Chapter 29, Problem 34P

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The product nuclei in the radioactive series start with Thorium and then undergo the decay series αβ−1β−1ααααβ−1αβ−1.

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Chapter 29, Problem 33P

Chapter 29, Problem 35P

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The product nuclei in the radioactive series start with Thorium and then undergo the decay series α β − 1 β − 1 α α α α β − 1 α β − 1 .

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The product nuclei in the radioactive series start with Thorium and then undergo the decay series αβ−1β−1ααααβ−1αβ−1.

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