The function of fluid volume and compartments within the body and the role of major electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis. Concept introduction: Fluids in the body are divided into compartments. Fluids within the cell contain dissolved solutes, mostly in the form of electrolytes. The fluids outside the cell play a greater role in transportation of nutrients. Fluid and electrolyte balance are the major factors that help in maintaining homeostasis. This ensures an equal intake and release of fluids.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 29, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To review:

The function of fluid volume and compartments within the body and the role of major electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis.

Concept introduction:

Fluids in the body are divided into compartments. Fluids within the cell contain dissolved solutes, mostly in the form of electrolytes. The fluids outside the cell play a greater role in transportation of nutrients. Fluid and electrolyte balance are the major factors that help in maintaining homeostasis. This ensures an equal intake and release of fluids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fluids in the body are distributed into two main compartments namely intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). ICF is within the cells, and it dissolves electrolytes and other solutes. ECF is present outside the cells. They help in the transport of nutrients and waste products. ECF can be an interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells or intravascular fluid that refers to the blood in the circulatory system.

The volume of fluids is very important to maintain an essential balance of the body. If more water is lost from the body than it is gained, it results in a condition called dehydration. There are 3 main types of dehydration namely hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Hypertonic dehydration results when the amount of water lost is greater than the amount of sodium lost. This increases the concentration of solutes outside the cell and causes the cell to shrink by loss of fluid to outside. Hypotonic dehydration occurs when the amount of sodium lost is greater than the amount of water lost. This increases the solute concentration inside the cells and as a result, the solvent is pulled into the cells. Isotonic dehydration occurs due to a decrease in ECF volume by loss of both sodium and water.

The important electrolytes include sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, and bicarbonate. Potassium is the major electrolyte in the intracellular fluid, whereas sodium and chloride are the main electrolytes in extracellular fluid. Potassium plays major roles in nerve impulse transmission, contraction of muscles, and heartbeat regulation. Sodium is the most important electrolyte that helps in maintaining acid–base balance, osmotic pressure, and controlling water distribution. Clotting of blood, enzyme reactions, and other homeostatic mechanisms are also controlled by the balancing of electrolytes.

Conclusion

An increase or decrease in the amount of fluids can result in improper functioning of body mechanisms. Thus, fluid balance should be maintained in the body. This is carried out with the help of several electrolytes and solutes.

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DaVita Dietitian Reference Manual Module 7- Adequacy of Hemodialysis CASE STUDIES Case 1 David was diagnosed with chronic kidney disease a year ago, and now needs hemodialysis. At his first treatment, the nurse hooks up the bloodlines to an access in David's chest. He tells her that he had surgery on his arm three months ago so it can be used for dialysis eventually. 1. What type of access does David have for the initial treatment? 2. Is David's arm access most likely a graft or fistula? 3. What possible reasons prevent use of a fistula or graft for the first dialysis treatment? Case 2 Ramon, a hemodialysis patient for six years, has lost 1.5 kg over the past six weeks. He denies nausea or vomiting, but does admit to eating less at meals and skipping dinner some days. Current dialysis prescription is: 3 1/2 hours (210 minutes), 3 times a week, ASAHI 1050S, APS dialyzer, dialysis flow rate 800 ml/min, blood flow rate 400 ml/min. Monthly bloodwork is as follows: Date K PO4 Pre-BUN…

DaVita Dietitian Reference Manual Module 7 - Adequacy of Hemodialysis REVIEW QUESTIONS True False 1. 27 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Urea Reduction Ratio is a more accurate measurement of dialysis adequacy than Urea Kinetic Modeling. A fistula is the preferred type of vascular access. In the formula Kt/V, the V represents volume of total body water in which urea is distributed. In the formula Kt/V, time is measured in 15-minute increments, so 220 minutes would be rounded off to the nearest quarter hour. The DaVita minimum goal for adequacy is a spKt/V≥ 1.0. A measured height and accurate dry weight are required to obtain an accurate Kt/V result. A very low post BUN result usually means the patient is not eating enough protein. KRU is a measure of residual urea clearance by the patient's kidney, requiring a 24-hour urine collection. The Kt/V Delivered (single pool) is the value used for determining adequacy and comparing outcomes in DaVita facilities. Catheters are…

DaVita Dietitian Reference Manual Module 7 - Adequacy of Hemodialysis Case 3 Beverly's monthly adequacy of dialysis results came back lower than usual. Her Kt/V is 1.13. Flow sheet data reveals the following: Prescribed BFR 400, patient ran BFR 325 during treatment Blood pressure dropped to 72/58 during treatment, so UFR was turned off. Dry weight 65 kg, pre dialysis weight 69 kg, post dialysis weight 66.5 kg 1. What are DaVita's goals for Kt/V? 2. What is your impression of why the Kt/V is low? 3. What additional information would help in determining why Beverly's adequacy results were below goal?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 29, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To review:

The function of fluid volume and compartments within the body and the role of major electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis.

Concept introduction:

Fluids in the body are divided into compartments. Fluids within the cell contain dissolved solutes, mostly in the form of electrolytes. The fluids outside the cell play a greater role in transportation of nutrients. Fluid and electrolyte balance are the major factors that help in maintaining homeostasis. This ensures an equal intake and release of fluids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fluids in the body are distributed into two main compartments namely intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). ICF is within the cells, and it dissolves electrolytes and other solutes. ECF is present outside the cells. They help in the transport of nutrients and waste products. ECF can be an interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells or intravascular fluid that refers to the blood in the circulatory system.

The volume of fluids is very important to maintain an essential balance of the body. If more water is lost from the body than it is gained, it results in a condition called dehydration. There are 3 main types of dehydration namely hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Hypertonic dehydration results when the amount of water lost is greater than the amount of sodium lost. This increases the concentration of solutes outside the cell and causes the cell to shrink by loss of fluid to outside. Hypotonic dehydration occurs when the amount of sodium lost is greater than the amount of water lost. This increases the solute concentration inside the cells and as a result, the solvent is pulled into the cells. Isotonic dehydration occurs due to a decrease in ECF volume by loss of both sodium and water.

The important electrolytes include sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, and bicarbonate. Potassium is the major electrolyte in the intracellular fluid, whereas sodium and chloride are the main electrolytes in extracellular fluid. Potassium plays major roles in nerve impulse transmission, contraction of muscles, and heartbeat regulation. Sodium is the most important electrolyte that helps in maintaining acid–base balance, osmotic pressure, and controlling water distribution. Clotting of blood, enzyme reactions, and other homeostatic mechanisms are also controlled by the balancing of electrolytes.

Conclusion

An increase or decrease in the amount of fluids can result in improper functioning of body mechanisms. Thus, fluid balance should be maintained in the body. This is carried out with the help of several electrolytes and solutes.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 29, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To review:

The function of fluid volume and compartments within the body and the role of major electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis.

Concept introduction:

Fluids in the body are divided into compartments. Fluids within the cell contain dissolved solutes, mostly in the form of electrolytes. The fluids outside the cell play a greater role in transportation of nutrients. Fluid and electrolyte balance are the major factors that help in maintaining homeostasis. This ensures an equal intake and release of fluids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fluids in the body are distributed into two main compartments namely intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). ICF is within the cells, and it dissolves electrolytes and other solutes. ECF is present outside the cells. They help in the transport of nutrients and waste products. ECF can be an interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells or intravascular fluid that refers to the blood in the circulatory system.

The volume of fluids is very important to maintain an essential balance of the body. If more water is lost from the body than it is gained, it results in a condition called dehydration. There are 3 main types of dehydration namely hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Hypertonic dehydration results when the amount of water lost is greater than the amount of sodium lost. This increases the concentration of solutes outside the cell and causes the cell to shrink by loss of fluid to outside. Hypotonic dehydration occurs when the amount of sodium lost is greater than the amount of water lost. This increases the solute concentration inside the cells and as a result, the solvent is pulled into the cells. Isotonic dehydration occurs due to a decrease in ECF volume by loss of both sodium and water.

The important electrolytes include sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, and bicarbonate. Potassium is the major electrolyte in the intracellular fluid, whereas sodium and chloride are the main electrolytes in extracellular fluid. Potassium plays major roles in nerve impulse transmission, contraction of muscles, and heartbeat regulation. Sodium is the most important electrolyte that helps in maintaining acid–base balance, osmotic pressure, and controlling water distribution. Clotting of blood, enzyme reactions, and other homeostatic mechanisms are also controlled by the balancing of electrolytes.

Conclusion

An increase or decrease in the amount of fluids can result in improper functioning of body mechanisms. Thus, fluid balance should be maintained in the body. This is carried out with the help of several electrolytes and solutes.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 29, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To review:

The function of fluid volume and compartments within the body and the role of major electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis.

Concept introduction:

Fluids in the body are divided into compartments. Fluids within the cell contain dissolved solutes, mostly in the form of electrolytes. The fluids outside the cell play a greater role in transportation of nutrients. Fluid and electrolyte balance are the major factors that help in maintaining homeostasis. This ensures an equal intake and release of fluids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fluids in the body are distributed into two main compartments namely intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). ICF is within the cells, and it dissolves electrolytes and other solutes. ECF is present outside the cells. They help in the transport of nutrients and waste products. ECF can be an interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells or intravascular fluid that refers to the blood in the circulatory system.

The volume of fluids is very important to maintain an essential balance of the body. If more water is lost from the body than it is gained, it results in a condition called dehydration. There are 3 main types of dehydration namely hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Hypertonic dehydration results when the amount of water lost is greater than the amount of sodium lost. This increases the concentration of solutes outside the cell and causes the cell to shrink by loss of fluid to outside. Hypotonic dehydration occurs when the amount of sodium lost is greater than the amount of water lost. This increases the solute concentration inside the cells and as a result, the solvent is pulled into the cells. Isotonic dehydration occurs due to a decrease in ECF volume by loss of both sodium and water.

The important electrolytes include sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, and bicarbonate. Potassium is the major electrolyte in the intracellular fluid, whereas sodium and chloride are the main electrolytes in extracellular fluid. Potassium plays major roles in nerve impulse transmission, contraction of muscles, and heartbeat regulation. Sodium is the most important electrolyte that helps in maintaining acid–base balance, osmotic pressure, and controlling water distribution. Clotting of blood, enzyme reactions, and other homeostatic mechanisms are also controlled by the balancing of electrolytes.

Conclusion

An increase or decrease in the amount of fluids can result in improper functioning of body mechanisms. Thus, fluid balance should be maintained in the body. This is carried out with the help of several electrolytes and solutes.

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Answer 5

Chapter 29, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To review:

The function of fluid volume and compartments within the body and the role of major electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis.

Concept introduction:

Fluids in the body are divided into compartments. Fluids within the cell contain dissolved solutes, mostly in the form of electrolytes. The fluids outside the cell play a greater role in transportation of nutrients. Fluid and electrolyte balance are the major factors that help in maintaining homeostasis. This ensures an equal intake and release of fluids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fluids in the body are distributed into two main compartments namely intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). ICF is within the cells, and it dissolves electrolytes and other solutes. ECF is present outside the cells. They help in the transport of nutrients and waste products. ECF can be an interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells or intravascular fluid that refers to the blood in the circulatory system.

The volume of fluids is very important to maintain an essential balance of the body. If more water is lost from the body than it is gained, it results in a condition called dehydration. There are 3 main types of dehydration namely hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Hypertonic dehydration results when the amount of water lost is greater than the amount of sodium lost. This increases the concentration of solutes outside the cell and causes the cell to shrink by loss of fluid to outside. Hypotonic dehydration occurs when the amount of sodium lost is greater than the amount of water lost. This increases the solute concentration inside the cells and as a result, the solvent is pulled into the cells. Isotonic dehydration occurs due to a decrease in ECF volume by loss of both sodium and water.

The important electrolytes include sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, and bicarbonate. Potassium is the major electrolyte in the intracellular fluid, whereas sodium and chloride are the main electrolytes in extracellular fluid. Potassium plays major roles in nerve impulse transmission, contraction of muscles, and heartbeat regulation. Sodium is the most important electrolyte that helps in maintaining acid–base balance, osmotic pressure, and controlling water distribution. Clotting of blood, enzyme reactions, and other homeostatic mechanisms are also controlled by the balancing of electrolytes.

Conclusion

An increase or decrease in the amount of fluids can result in improper functioning of body mechanisms. Thus, fluid balance should be maintained in the body. This is carried out with the help of several electrolytes and solutes.

Answer 6

Chapter 29, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To review:

The function of fluid volume and compartments within the body and the role of major electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis.

Concept introduction:

Fluids in the body are divided into compartments. Fluids within the cell contain dissolved solutes, mostly in the form of electrolytes. The fluids outside the cell play a greater role in transportation of nutrients. Fluid and electrolyte balance are the major factors that help in maintaining homeostasis. This ensures an equal intake and release of fluids.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fluids in the body are distributed into two main compartments namely intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). ICF is within the cells, and it dissolves electrolytes and other solutes. ECF is present outside the cells. They help in the transport of nutrients and waste products. ECF can be an interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells or intravascular fluid that refers to the blood in the circulatory system.

The volume of fluids is very important to maintain an essential balance of the body. If more water is lost from the body than it is gained, it results in a condition called dehydration. There are 3 main types of dehydration namely hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Hypertonic dehydration results when the amount of water lost is greater than the amount of sodium lost. This increases the concentration of solutes outside the cell and causes the cell to shrink by loss of fluid to outside. Hypotonic dehydration occurs when the amount of sodium lost is greater than the amount of water lost. This increases the solute concentration inside the cells and as a result, the solvent is pulled into the cells. Isotonic dehydration occurs due to a decrease in ECF volume by loss of both sodium and water.

The important electrolytes include sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, and bicarbonate. Potassium is the major electrolyte in the intracellular fluid, whereas sodium and chloride are the main electrolytes in extracellular fluid. Potassium plays major roles in nerve impulse transmission, contraction of muscles, and heartbeat regulation. Sodium is the most important electrolyte that helps in maintaining acid–base balance, osmotic pressure, and controlling water distribution. Clotting of blood, enzyme reactions, and other homeostatic mechanisms are also controlled by the balancing of electrolytes.

Conclusion

An increase or decrease in the amount of fluids can result in improper functioning of body mechanisms. Thus, fluid balance should be maintained in the body. This is carried out with the help of several electrolytes and solutes.

Answer 7

Chapter 29, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To review:

The function of fluid volume and compartments within the body and the role of major electrolytes in maintaining homeostasis.

Concept introduction:

Fluids in the body are divided into compartments. Fluids within the cell contain dissolved solutes, mostly in the form of electrolytes. The fluids outside the cell play a greater role in transportation of nutrients. Fluid and electrolyte balance are the major factors that help in maintaining homeostasis. This ensures an equal intake and release of fluids.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Fluids in the body are distributed into two main compartments namely intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). ICF is within the cells, and it dissolves electrolytes and other solutes. ECF is present outside the cells. They help in the transport of nutrients and waste products. ECF can be an interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells or intravascular fluid that refers to the blood in the circulatory system.

The volume of fluids is very important to maintain an essential balance of the body. If more water is lost from the body than it is gained, it results in a condition called dehydration. There are 3 main types of dehydration namely hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Hypertonic dehydration results when the amount of water lost is greater than the amount of sodium lost. This increases the concentration of solutes outside the cell and causes the cell to shrink by loss of fluid to outside. Hypotonic dehydration occurs when the amount of sodium lost is greater than the amount of water lost. This increases the solute concentration inside the cells and as a result, the solvent is pulled into the cells. Isotonic dehydration occurs due to a decrease in ECF volume by loss of both sodium and water.

The important electrolytes include sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, chloride, and bicarbonate. Potassium is the major electrolyte in the intracellular fluid, whereas sodium and chloride are the main electrolytes in extracellular fluid. Potassium plays major roles in nerve impulse transmission, contraction of muscles, and heartbeat regulation. Sodium is the most important electrolyte that helps in maintaining acid–base balance, osmotic pressure, and controlling water distribution. Clotting of blood, enzyme reactions, and other homeostatic mechanisms are also controlled by the balancing of electrolytes.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

An increase or decrease in the amount of fluids can result in improper functioning of body mechanisms. Thus, fluid balance should be maintained in the body. This is carried out with the help of several electrolytes and solutes.

Answer 12

Ch. 29 - Prob. 1O Ch. 29 - Prob. 2O Ch. 29 - Prob. 3O Ch. 29 - Prob. 4O Ch. 29 - Prob. 5O Ch. 29 - Prob. 6O Ch. 29 - Prob. 7O Ch. 29 - Prob. 1CS Ch. 29 - Prob. 1NERQ Ch. 29 - Prob. 2NERQ

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 29 Solutions