It should be explained that how signal amplification occurs and what it means for transmission of the signal to the sites of cellular activity. Concept Introduction: Hormones are chemical substances synthesized in small amounts by endocrine tissues and carried by blood stream to another tissue, where it acts as a messenger to regulate the function of the target tissue or organ. cAMP is a cyclic nucleotide and it is a second messenger which is synthesized from ATP by the action of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Chemically cAMP is a 3’,5’- adenosine monophosphate. Secondary messengers are short lived intracellular signaling molecules. Elevated concentration of these type of messengers leads to rapid alteration in the activity of one or more cellular enzymes. G-protein is a family of membrane proteins anchored to the membrane. They are named as G-proteins because of their interaction with guanine nucleotides. G –proteins functions as molecular switches; when it is bind with GTP they are “ON” and when with GDP they are “OFF”. Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond. This enzyme plays a key role in regulating intracellular levels of the second messenger cAMP and hence cell function. In biology, signal amplification refers to the activation of increasing numbers of molecules downstream from the receptors.

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Chapter 28, Problem 28.88CP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It should be explained that how signal amplification occurs and what it means for transmission of the signal to the sites of cellular activity.

Concept Introduction:

Hormones are chemical substances synthesized in small amounts by endocrine tissues and carried by blood stream to another tissue, where it acts as a messenger to regulate the function of the target tissue or organ.

cAMP is a cyclic nucleotide and it is a second messenger which is synthesized from ATP by the action of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase. Chemically cAMP is a 3’,5’- adenosine monophosphate.

Secondary messengers are short lived intracellular signaling molecules. Elevated concentration of these type of messengers leads to rapid alteration in the activity of one or more cellular enzymes.

G-protein is a family of membrane proteins anchored to the membrane. They are named as G-proteins because of their interaction with guanine nucleotides. G –proteins functions as molecular switches; when it is bind with GTP they are “ON” and when with GDP they are “OFF”.

Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond. This enzyme plays a key role in regulating intracellular levels of the second messenger cAMP and hence cell function.

In biology, signal amplification refers to the activation of increasing numbers of molecules downstream from the receptors.

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