SAPLINGPLUS F/BIOCHEM+ICLICKER REEF-CODE
SAPLINGPLUS F/BIOCHEM+ICLICKER REEF-CODE
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781319398583
Author: BERG
Publisher: MAC HIGHER
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Chapter 27, Problem 48P
Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation : The reason for production of lactate during moderate exercises should be determined.

Concept introductionI:

Lactate is an organic molecule which is produced by many tissues in the humans, but it is mostly produced in the muscles that work anaerobically. During the process of glycolysis, ATP is produced, and pyruvate is produced as the end product. When the muscles work anaerobically (without oxygen), then pyruvate gets converted into lactate.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation : The process should be determined which takes place when lactate threshold comes.

Concept introduction :Lactate is an organic molecule which is produced by many tissues in the humans, but it is mostly produced in the muscles that work anaerobically. During the process of glycolysis, ATP is produced, and pyruvate is produced as the end product. When the muscles work anaerobically (without oxygen), then pyruvate gets converted into lactate.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation : The reason for measuring lactate threshold value athletes should be determined.

Concept introduction : Lactate is an organic molecule which is produced by many tissues in the humans, but it is mostly produced in the muscles that work anaerobically. During the process of glycolysis, ATP is produced, and pyruvate is produced as the end product. When the muscles work anaerobically (without oxygen), then pyruvate gets converted into lactate.

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Please draw out the mechanism with curved arrows showing electron flow. Pyruvate is accepted into the TCA cycle by a “feeder” reaction using the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in acetyl-CoA and CO2. Provide the mechanism for this reaction utilizing the TPP cofactor. Include the roles of all cofactors.
Pyruvate is accepted into the TCA cycle by a “feeder” reaction using the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in acetyl-CoA and CO2. Provide the mechanism for this reaction utilizing the TPP cofactor. Include the roles of all cofactors.
The mitochondrial ATP synthase has 10 copies of the F0 subunit “c”, and the [H ] in the mitochondrial inner membrane space (IMS) is 6.31 x 10-8 M and the [H + ] in the matrix is 3.16 x 10-9 M. Calculate the minimum membrane potential (∆Ψ) necessary to make ATP synthesis thermodynamically favorable. [Assume ∆G' ofphosphate hydrolysis of ATP is - 45 kJ/mol.]
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