Chapter 26, Problem 4A

Summary Introduction

To write:

List microorganisms cause genitourinary infections.

Given:

List of microorganisms which cause genitourinary infections.

Introduction:

Urinary tract infection is commonly caused by bacteria and occasionally caused by protozoa and fungi. Urinary tract infection and is primarily caused by Escherichia coli and also by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella species, Proteus species, Pseudomonas species and Enterobacter species.  Bacteria cover lining of the bladder and cause irritation and inflammation lead to urinary tract infection. They affect people in all age groups; however, it is more common in women than men due to the short urethra, which is less than 2 inches. The female urethra is very close to anal opening, hence it may lead to intestinal bacterial contamination. Lower urinary tract infection is very vulnerable to kidney damage and pyelonephritis. Sexual contact, use of diaphragms and urinary catheters, hormonal changes during pregnancy, diabetes, immune suppressive agents, radiation, kidney stones, aging and poor hygiene are associated risk factors. Sexually transmitted diseases are also associated with risk of urinary tract infection. The common symptoms include  blood in the urine; smelling urine; burning during urination; frequent urination; cloudy urine; pain in lower back, abdomen and over the pubic bone; pelvic discomfort; fever; nausea and vomiting; tiredness and sometimes it may be asymptomatic. Urine analysis under microscopy, CT scan imaging and urine culture are used to diagnose bacterial infections. It can be prevented by drinking plenty of water which can flush bacteria and also with personal hygiene.

Genital infection is mostly caused by bacteria and other microorganisms, such as yeast and protozoan. They grow and cover the surface epithelial cells of the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis is a common reproductive tract infection in women, it can be transmitted through sexual contact. It causes ectopic pregnancy and infertility. The vaginal infection is characterized by genital itching and burning and pain during urination or sexual contact. It causes vaginal discharge with bad smell. Vaginal smear, serological test and PCR are used to diagnose genital infection. It can be treated with antibiotics and prevented by personal hygiene.