The structure of polyisobutylene is to be drawn. Concept Introduction: Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Chemical process in which one or more monomers combine to produce a very large chain-like molecule called a polymer. The functional groups present on the monomers and their steric effects are responsible for polymerization through a sequence of reactions that vary in complexity. There exists a stable covalent chemical bond between monomers that sets apart polymerization from other processes.

Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of polyisobutylene is to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The structure of polyisobutylene is shown in Figure 1.

Explanation of Solution

Polyisobutylene formed from the cationic polymerization of isobutylene which proceeds through the formation of tertiary cation at the carbon containing two methyl groups. Therefore, the structure of polyisobutylene polymer is,

Organic Chemistry (9th Edition), Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

Figure 1: Structure of polyisobutylene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene is an addition or condensation polymerization is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber is an addition polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

Addition polymerization is the polymerization in which polymer is formed by the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. It generally consists of one monomer unit.

Condensation polymerization is the polymerization in which two or more monomers combine to form a larger product along with the loss of water molecules. The resultant product repeatedly combines with another product to form long chain polymer.

The polymerization of isobutylene involves the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. Therefore, this is an example of addition polymerization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene would be most appropriate in cationic, anionic or free radical polymerization condition is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber proceeds in most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of a long chain polymer becomes favorable only due to the stability of intermediate formed in the chain propagating step. Higher is the stability of cation, anion or free radical formed in the polymerization reaction, more favorable will be the polymerization process. In case of isobutylene, one carbon atom contains two electron donating groups which increase electron density on the carbon atom. Therefore, the formation of cation is more favorable in case of isobutylene as it forms tertiary cation and stabilized by two electron donating groups. Thus, the polymerization of isobutylene occurs in the most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

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Determine if the following salt is neutral, acidic or basic. If acidic or basic, write the appropriate equilibrium equation for the acid or base that exists when the salt is dissolved in aqueous solution. If neutral, simply write only NR. Be sure to include the proper phases for all species within the reaction. NaN₃

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Answer 2

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Definition Definition Chemical process in which one or more monomers combine to produce a very large chain-like molecule called a polymer. The functional groups present on the monomers and their steric effects are responsible for polymerization through a sequence of reactions that vary in complexity. There exists a stable covalent chemical bond between monomers that sets apart polymerization from other processes.

Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of polyisobutylene is to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The structure of polyisobutylene is shown in Figure 1.

Explanation of Solution

Polyisobutylene formed from the cationic polymerization of isobutylene which proceeds through the formation of tertiary cation at the carbon containing two methyl groups. Therefore, the structure of polyisobutylene polymer is,

Organic Chemistry (9th Edition), Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

Figure 1: Structure of polyisobutylene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene is an addition or condensation polymerization is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber is an addition polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

Addition polymerization is the polymerization in which polymer is formed by the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. It generally consists of one monomer unit.

Condensation polymerization is the polymerization in which two or more monomers combine to form a larger product along with the loss of water molecules. The resultant product repeatedly combines with another product to form long chain polymer.

The polymerization of isobutylene involves the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. Therefore, this is an example of addition polymerization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene would be most appropriate in cationic, anionic or free radical polymerization condition is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber proceeds in most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of a long chain polymer becomes favorable only due to the stability of intermediate formed in the chain propagating step. Higher is the stability of cation, anion or free radical formed in the polymerization reaction, more favorable will be the polymerization process. In case of isobutylene, one carbon atom contains two electron donating groups which increase electron density on the carbon atom. Therefore, the formation of cation is more favorable in case of isobutylene as it forms tertiary cation and stabilized by two electron donating groups. Thus, the polymerization of isobutylene occurs in the most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Chemical process in which one or more monomers combine to produce a very large chain-like molecule called a polymer. The functional groups present on the monomers and their steric effects are responsible for polymerization through a sequence of reactions that vary in complexity. There exists a stable covalent chemical bond between monomers that sets apart polymerization from other processes.

Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of polyisobutylene is to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The structure of polyisobutylene is shown in Figure 1.

Explanation of Solution

Polyisobutylene formed from the cationic polymerization of isobutylene which proceeds through the formation of tertiary cation at the carbon containing two methyl groups. Therefore, the structure of polyisobutylene polymer is,

Organic Chemistry (9th Edition), Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

Figure 1: Structure of polyisobutylene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene is an addition or condensation polymerization is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber is an addition polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

Addition polymerization is the polymerization in which polymer is formed by the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. It generally consists of one monomer unit.

Condensation polymerization is the polymerization in which two or more monomers combine to form a larger product along with the loss of water molecules. The resultant product repeatedly combines with another product to form long chain polymer.

The polymerization of isobutylene involves the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. Therefore, this is an example of addition polymerization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene would be most appropriate in cationic, anionic or free radical polymerization condition is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber proceeds in most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of a long chain polymer becomes favorable only due to the stability of intermediate formed in the chain propagating step. Higher is the stability of cation, anion or free radical formed in the polymerization reaction, more favorable will be the polymerization process. In case of isobutylene, one carbon atom contains two electron donating groups which increase electron density on the carbon atom. Therefore, the formation of cation is more favorable in case of isobutylene as it forms tertiary cation and stabilized by two electron donating groups. Thus, the polymerization of isobutylene occurs in the most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Chemical process in which one or more monomers combine to produce a very large chain-like molecule called a polymer. The functional groups present on the monomers and their steric effects are responsible for polymerization through a sequence of reactions that vary in complexity. There exists a stable covalent chemical bond between monomers that sets apart polymerization from other processes.

Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of polyisobutylene is to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The structure of polyisobutylene is shown in Figure 1.

Explanation of Solution

Polyisobutylene formed from the cationic polymerization of isobutylene which proceeds through the formation of tertiary cation at the carbon containing two methyl groups. Therefore, the structure of polyisobutylene polymer is,

Organic Chemistry (9th Edition), Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

Figure 1: Structure of polyisobutylene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene is an addition or condensation polymerization is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber is an addition polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

Addition polymerization is the polymerization in which polymer is formed by the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. It generally consists of one monomer unit.

Condensation polymerization is the polymerization in which two or more monomers combine to form a larger product along with the loss of water molecules. The resultant product repeatedly combines with another product to form long chain polymer.

The polymerization of isobutylene involves the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. Therefore, this is an example of addition polymerization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene would be most appropriate in cationic, anionic or free radical polymerization condition is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber proceeds in most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of a long chain polymer becomes favorable only due to the stability of intermediate formed in the chain propagating step. Higher is the stability of cation, anion or free radical formed in the polymerization reaction, more favorable will be the polymerization process. In case of isobutylene, one carbon atom contains two electron donating groups which increase electron density on the carbon atom. Therefore, the formation of cation is more favorable in case of isobutylene as it forms tertiary cation and stabilized by two electron donating groups. Thus, the polymerization of isobutylene occurs in the most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

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Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of polyisobutylene is to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The structure of polyisobutylene is shown in Figure 1.

Explanation of Solution

Polyisobutylene formed from the cationic polymerization of isobutylene which proceeds through the formation of tertiary cation at the carbon containing two methyl groups. Therefore, the structure of polyisobutylene polymer is,

Organic Chemistry (9th Edition), Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

Figure 1: Structure of polyisobutylene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene is an addition or condensation polymerization is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber is an addition polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

Addition polymerization is the polymerization in which polymer is formed by the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. It generally consists of one monomer unit.

Condensation polymerization is the polymerization in which two or more monomers combine to form a larger product along with the loss of water molecules. The resultant product repeatedly combines with another product to form long chain polymer.

The polymerization of isobutylene involves the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. Therefore, this is an example of addition polymerization.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene would be most appropriate in cationic, anionic or free radical polymerization condition is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber proceeds in most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of a long chain polymer becomes favorable only due to the stability of intermediate formed in the chain propagating step. Higher is the stability of cation, anion or free radical formed in the polymerization reaction, more favorable will be the polymerization process. In case of isobutylene, one carbon atom contains two electron donating groups which increase electron density on the carbon atom. Therefore, the formation of cation is more favorable in case of isobutylene as it forms tertiary cation and stabilized by two electron donating groups. Thus, the polymerization of isobutylene occurs in the most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of polyisobutylene is to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The structure of polyisobutylene is shown in Figure 1.

Explanation of Solution

Polyisobutylene formed from the cationic polymerization of isobutylene which proceeds through the formation of tertiary cation at the carbon containing two methyl groups. Therefore, the structure of polyisobutylene polymer is,

Organic Chemistry (9th Edition), Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

Figure 1: Structure of polyisobutylene.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structure of polyisobutylene is to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The structure of polyisobutylene is shown in Figure 1.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Polyisobutylene formed from the cationic polymerization of isobutylene which proceeds through the formation of tertiary cation at the carbon containing two methyl groups. Therefore, the structure of polyisobutylene polymer is,

Organic Chemistry (9th Edition), Chapter 26, Problem 26.21SP

Figure 1: Structure of polyisobutylene.

Answer 13

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene is an addition or condensation polymerization is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber is an addition polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

Addition polymerization is the polymerization in which polymer is formed by the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. It generally consists of one monomer unit.

Condensation polymerization is the polymerization in which two or more monomers combine to form a larger product along with the loss of water molecules. The resultant product repeatedly combines with another product to form long chain polymer.

The polymerization of isobutylene involves the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. Therefore, this is an example of addition polymerization.

Answer 14

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene is an addition or condensation polymerization is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber is an addition polymerization.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

Addition polymerization is the polymerization in which polymer is formed by the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. It generally consists of one monomer unit.

Condensation polymerization is the polymerization in which two or more monomers combine to form a larger product along with the loss of water molecules. The resultant product repeatedly combines with another product to form long chain polymer.

The polymerization of isobutylene involves the addition of several monomer units to form a long chain polymer. Therefore, this is an example of addition polymerization.

Answer 20

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene would be most appropriate in cationic, anionic or free radical polymerization condition is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber proceeds in most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of a long chain polymer becomes favorable only due to the stability of intermediate formed in the chain propagating step. Higher is the stability of cation, anion or free radical formed in the polymerization reaction, more favorable will be the polymerization process. In case of isobutylene, one carbon atom contains two electron donating groups which increase electron density on the carbon atom. Therefore, the formation of cation is more favorable in case of isobutylene as it forms tertiary cation and stabilized by two electron donating groups. Thus, the polymerization of isobutylene occurs in the most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

Answer 21

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The polymerization of isobutylene would be most appropriate in cationic, anionic or free radical polymerization condition is to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Polymerization is the process of formation of a long chain polymer by the reaction of one or two monomer. The product formed in the polymerization contains the repeated units of the monomer from which it is formed.

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 26.21SP

The polymerization of isobutylene to form butyl rubber proceeds in most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.

Answer 23

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 24

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

The formation of a long chain polymer becomes favorable only due to the stability of intermediate formed in the chain propagating step. Higher is the stability of cation, anion or free radical formed in the polymerization reaction, more favorable will be the polymerization process. In case of isobutylene, one carbon atom contains two electron donating groups which increase electron density on the carbon atom. Therefore, the formation of cation is more favorable in case of isobutylene as it forms tertiary cation and stabilized by two electron donating groups. Thus, the polymerization of isobutylene occurs in the most appropriate way through cationic polymerization.