The definition of horizon and flatness problem and the steps adopted to resolve them by the idea of inflation.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1Q

To determine

The definition of horizon and flatness problem and the steps adopted to resolve them by the idea of inflation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of constant temperature of (CMBR) cosmic microwave background radiation. During the observation, it is found that the cosmic microwave radiation has nearly the same temperature in each direction, which is not possible.

Flatness problem is the cosmological problem, which describes that the density of the universe is close to the critical value of density, which is impossible and leads to the flatness problem.

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of the nearly constant temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. After the big bang, the radiation emitted is continuously traveling in the observable universe. Two points in the universe which are at very distant locations to each other, that is nearly a million light-years, cannot have the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation similar to each other. This is because the radiation from the big bang cannot reach such a distant point in the space, so it leads to the horizon problem.

On the other hand, flatness problem arises due to the observation of density of the universe to be nearly equal to the critical density, which is considered impossible. After the billion light-years from the big bang, still the geometry of the universe resembles that of flat surface which is considered a problem in cosmology.

The solution to the horizon and the flatness problem is cosmic inflation which states that the universe is expanding after the big bang at an exponential rate in the initial inflationary period resulting in the isotropic nature of the universe observed today. This theory also states the fact that during the inflationary period the energy and mass were equally distributed resulting in constant temperature observed in the universe.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the cosmic inflation theory gives the solution to Horizon and Flatness problems.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Statistical thermodynamics. The number of imaginary replicas of a system of N particlesa) cannot be greater than Avogadro's numberb) must always be greater than Avogadro's number.c) has no relation to Avogadro's number.

Lab-Based Section Use the following information to answer the lab based scenario. A student performed an experiment in an attempt to determine the index of refraction of glass. The student used a laser and a protractor to measure a variety of angles of incidence and refraction through a semi-circular glass prism. The design of the experiment and the student's results are shown below. Angle of Incidence (°) Angle of Refraction (º) 20 11 30 19 40 26 50 31 60 36 70 38 2a) By hand (i.e., without using computer software), create a linear graph on graph paper using the student's data. Note: You will have to manipulate the data in order to achieve a linear function. 2b) Graphically determine the index of refraction of the semi-circular glass prism, rounding your answer to the nearest hundredth.

Use the following information to answer the next two questions. A laser is directed at a prism made of zircon (n = 1.92) at an incident angle of 35.0°, as shown in the diagram. 3a) Determine the critical angle of zircon. 35.0° 70° 55 55° 3b) Determine the angle of refraction when the laser beam leaves the prism.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1Q

To determine

The definition of horizon and flatness problem and the steps adopted to resolve them by the idea of inflation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of constant temperature of (CMBR) cosmic microwave background radiation. During the observation, it is found that the cosmic microwave radiation has nearly the same temperature in each direction, which is not possible.

Flatness problem is the cosmological problem, which describes that the density of the universe is close to the critical value of density, which is impossible and leads to the flatness problem.

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of the nearly constant temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. After the big bang, the radiation emitted is continuously traveling in the observable universe. Two points in the universe which are at very distant locations to each other, that is nearly a million light-years, cannot have the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation similar to each other. This is because the radiation from the big bang cannot reach such a distant point in the space, so it leads to the horizon problem.

On the other hand, flatness problem arises due to the observation of density of the universe to be nearly equal to the critical density, which is considered impossible. After the billion light-years from the big bang, still the geometry of the universe resembles that of flat surface which is considered a problem in cosmology.

The solution to the horizon and the flatness problem is cosmic inflation which states that the universe is expanding after the big bang at an exponential rate in the initial inflationary period resulting in the isotropic nature of the universe observed today. This theory also states the fact that during the inflationary period the energy and mass were equally distributed resulting in constant temperature observed in the universe.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the cosmic inflation theory gives the solution to Horizon and Flatness problems.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1Q

To determine

The definition of horizon and flatness problem and the steps adopted to resolve them by the idea of inflation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of constant temperature of (CMBR) cosmic microwave background radiation. During the observation, it is found that the cosmic microwave radiation has nearly the same temperature in each direction, which is not possible.

Flatness problem is the cosmological problem, which describes that the density of the universe is close to the critical value of density, which is impossible and leads to the flatness problem.

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of the nearly constant temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. After the big bang, the radiation emitted is continuously traveling in the observable universe. Two points in the universe which are at very distant locations to each other, that is nearly a million light-years, cannot have the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation similar to each other. This is because the radiation from the big bang cannot reach such a distant point in the space, so it leads to the horizon problem.

On the other hand, flatness problem arises due to the observation of density of the universe to be nearly equal to the critical density, which is considered impossible. After the billion light-years from the big bang, still the geometry of the universe resembles that of flat surface which is considered a problem in cosmology.

The solution to the horizon and the flatness problem is cosmic inflation which states that the universe is expanding after the big bang at an exponential rate in the initial inflationary period resulting in the isotropic nature of the universe observed today. This theory also states the fact that during the inflationary period the energy and mass were equally distributed resulting in constant temperature observed in the universe.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the cosmic inflation theory gives the solution to Horizon and Flatness problems.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1Q

To determine

The definition of horizon and flatness problem and the steps adopted to resolve them by the idea of inflation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of constant temperature of (CMBR) cosmic microwave background radiation. During the observation, it is found that the cosmic microwave radiation has nearly the same temperature in each direction, which is not possible.

Flatness problem is the cosmological problem, which describes that the density of the universe is close to the critical value of density, which is impossible and leads to the flatness problem.

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of the nearly constant temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. After the big bang, the radiation emitted is continuously traveling in the observable universe. Two points in the universe which are at very distant locations to each other, that is nearly a million light-years, cannot have the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation similar to each other. This is because the radiation from the big bang cannot reach such a distant point in the space, so it leads to the horizon problem.

On the other hand, flatness problem arises due to the observation of density of the universe to be nearly equal to the critical density, which is considered impossible. After the billion light-years from the big bang, still the geometry of the universe resembles that of flat surface which is considered a problem in cosmology.

The solution to the horizon and the flatness problem is cosmic inflation which states that the universe is expanding after the big bang at an exponential rate in the initial inflationary period resulting in the isotropic nature of the universe observed today. This theory also states the fact that during the inflationary period the energy and mass were equally distributed resulting in constant temperature observed in the universe.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the cosmic inflation theory gives the solution to Horizon and Flatness problems.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 1Q

To determine

The definition of horizon and flatness problem and the steps adopted to resolve them by the idea of inflation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of constant temperature of (CMBR) cosmic microwave background radiation. During the observation, it is found that the cosmic microwave radiation has nearly the same temperature in each direction, which is not possible.

Flatness problem is the cosmological problem, which describes that the density of the universe is close to the critical value of density, which is impossible and leads to the flatness problem.

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of the nearly constant temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. After the big bang, the radiation emitted is continuously traveling in the observable universe. Two points in the universe which are at very distant locations to each other, that is nearly a million light-years, cannot have the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation similar to each other. This is because the radiation from the big bang cannot reach such a distant point in the space, so it leads to the horizon problem.

On the other hand, flatness problem arises due to the observation of density of the universe to be nearly equal to the critical density, which is considered impossible. After the billion light-years from the big bang, still the geometry of the universe resembles that of flat surface which is considered a problem in cosmology.

The solution to the horizon and the flatness problem is cosmic inflation which states that the universe is expanding after the big bang at an exponential rate in the initial inflationary period resulting in the isotropic nature of the universe observed today. This theory also states the fact that during the inflationary period the energy and mass were equally distributed resulting in constant temperature observed in the universe.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the cosmic inflation theory gives the solution to Horizon and Flatness problems.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 1Q

To determine

The definition of horizon and flatness problem and the steps adopted to resolve them by the idea of inflation.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of constant temperature of (CMBR) cosmic microwave background radiation. During the observation, it is found that the cosmic microwave radiation has nearly the same temperature in each direction, which is not possible.

Flatness problem is the cosmological problem, which describes that the density of the universe is close to the critical value of density, which is impossible and leads to the flatness problem.

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of the nearly constant temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. After the big bang, the radiation emitted is continuously traveling in the observable universe. Two points in the universe which are at very distant locations to each other, that is nearly a million light-years, cannot have the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation similar to each other. This is because the radiation from the big bang cannot reach such a distant point in the space, so it leads to the horizon problem.

On the other hand, flatness problem arises due to the observation of density of the universe to be nearly equal to the critical density, which is considered impossible. After the billion light-years from the big bang, still the geometry of the universe resembles that of flat surface which is considered a problem in cosmology.

The solution to the horizon and the flatness problem is cosmic inflation which states that the universe is expanding after the big bang at an exponential rate in the initial inflationary period resulting in the isotropic nature of the universe observed today. This theory also states the fact that during the inflationary period the energy and mass were equally distributed resulting in constant temperature observed in the universe.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the cosmic inflation theory gives the solution to Horizon and Flatness problems.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 1Q

To determine

The definition of horizon and flatness problem and the steps adopted to resolve them by the idea of inflation.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Introduction:

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of constant temperature of (CMBR) cosmic microwave background radiation. During the observation, it is found that the cosmic microwave radiation has nearly the same temperature in each direction, which is not possible.

Flatness problem is the cosmological problem, which describes that the density of the universe is close to the critical value of density, which is impossible and leads to the flatness problem.

Horizon problem originates due to the observation of the nearly constant temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. After the big bang, the radiation emitted is continuously traveling in the observable universe. Two points in the universe which are at very distant locations to each other, that is nearly a million light-years, cannot have the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation similar to each other. This is because the radiation from the big bang cannot reach such a distant point in the space, so it leads to the horizon problem.

On the other hand, flatness problem arises due to the observation of density of the universe to be nearly equal to the critical density, which is considered impossible. After the billion light-years from the big bang, still the geometry of the universe resembles that of flat surface which is considered a problem in cosmology.

The solution to the horizon and the flatness problem is cosmic inflation which states that the universe is expanding after the big bang at an exponential rate in the initial inflationary period resulting in the isotropic nature of the universe observed today. This theory also states the fact that during the inflationary period the energy and mass were equally distributed resulting in constant temperature observed in the universe.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the cosmic inflation theory gives the solution to Horizon and Flatness problems.