The response of the body with its first exposure to a new pathogen. Introduction: The immune responses exhibited by our body can be classified into the primary immune response and the secondary immune response based on its encounter with the pathogen. The first exposure of the body to a new pathogen is called the primary immune response. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen, it produces the secondary immune response.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1BYB

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The response of the body with its first exposure to a new pathogen.

Introduction:

The immune responses exhibited by our body can be classified into the primary immune response and the secondary immune response based on its encounter with the pathogen. The first exposure of the body to a new pathogen is called the primary immune response. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen, it produces the secondary immune response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The primary immune response of the body occurs on its first exposure to a new pathogen. The immune system encounters the threat for the first time and it takes a longer time in the recognition of the pathogen followed by its elimination. It is generally characterized by a lag phase in the beginning. The duration of the lag phase depends on the pathogenicity of the organism.

No antibodies are produced during this phase of the immune response but the activation and differentiation of the B lymphocytes into the plasma cells and memory cells are observed. Later, the differentiated plasma cells produce antibodies in low concentration and overtime, it reaches a peak in the log phase and then declines. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first produced antibody and the immune response appears in the spleen and lymph nodes.

Conclusion

Though primary immune response is a short-lived immune response, it helps in the secondary immune response due to its immunological memory.

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19. On the diagram below a. Label the three pictures as: DNA; polypeptide; or RNA. b. Label the arrows as: translation or transcription/RNA processing. c. Add the following details to the diagram. Promoter region TATA box Transcription start site Transcription terminator Intron (A,B,C,D) Exons (1,2,3,4,5) Splice sites 5' cap 5' UTR (untranslated region) 3' poly A tail 3' UTR (untranslated region) Translational start (AUG) Translational stop (UGA, UAG, or UAA) N and C ends of polypeptide 0000

Match the letter labels in the figure below to the terms. Some letter labels are not used. MNNNNNNIN M C B A M D F E H K G 8

The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for? 3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1BYB

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The response of the body with its first exposure to a new pathogen.

Introduction:

The immune responses exhibited by our body can be classified into the primary immune response and the secondary immune response based on its encounter with the pathogen. The first exposure of the body to a new pathogen is called the primary immune response. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen, it produces the secondary immune response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The primary immune response of the body occurs on its first exposure to a new pathogen. The immune system encounters the threat for the first time and it takes a longer time in the recognition of the pathogen followed by its elimination. It is generally characterized by a lag phase in the beginning. The duration of the lag phase depends on the pathogenicity of the organism.

No antibodies are produced during this phase of the immune response but the activation and differentiation of the B lymphocytes into the plasma cells and memory cells are observed. Later, the differentiated plasma cells produce antibodies in low concentration and overtime, it reaches a peak in the log phase and then declines. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first produced antibody and the immune response appears in the spleen and lymph nodes.

Conclusion

Though primary immune response is a short-lived immune response, it helps in the secondary immune response due to its immunological memory.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1BYB

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The response of the body with its first exposure to a new pathogen.

Introduction:

The immune responses exhibited by our body can be classified into the primary immune response and the secondary immune response based on its encounter with the pathogen. The first exposure of the body to a new pathogen is called the primary immune response. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen, it produces the secondary immune response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The primary immune response of the body occurs on its first exposure to a new pathogen. The immune system encounters the threat for the first time and it takes a longer time in the recognition of the pathogen followed by its elimination. It is generally characterized by a lag phase in the beginning. The duration of the lag phase depends on the pathogenicity of the organism.

No antibodies are produced during this phase of the immune response but the activation and differentiation of the B lymphocytes into the plasma cells and memory cells are observed. Later, the differentiated plasma cells produce antibodies in low concentration and overtime, it reaches a peak in the log phase and then declines. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first produced antibody and the immune response appears in the spleen and lymph nodes.

Conclusion

Though primary immune response is a short-lived immune response, it helps in the secondary immune response due to its immunological memory.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1BYB

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The response of the body with its first exposure to a new pathogen.

Introduction:

The immune responses exhibited by our body can be classified into the primary immune response and the secondary immune response based on its encounter with the pathogen. The first exposure of the body to a new pathogen is called the primary immune response. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen, it produces the secondary immune response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The primary immune response of the body occurs on its first exposure to a new pathogen. The immune system encounters the threat for the first time and it takes a longer time in the recognition of the pathogen followed by its elimination. It is generally characterized by a lag phase in the beginning. The duration of the lag phase depends on the pathogenicity of the organism.

No antibodies are produced during this phase of the immune response but the activation and differentiation of the B lymphocytes into the plasma cells and memory cells are observed. Later, the differentiated plasma cells produce antibodies in low concentration and overtime, it reaches a peak in the log phase and then declines. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first produced antibody and the immune response appears in the spleen and lymph nodes.

Conclusion

Though primary immune response is a short-lived immune response, it helps in the secondary immune response due to its immunological memory.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 1BYB

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The response of the body with its first exposure to a new pathogen.

Introduction:

The immune responses exhibited by our body can be classified into the primary immune response and the secondary immune response based on its encounter with the pathogen. The first exposure of the body to a new pathogen is called the primary immune response. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen, it produces the secondary immune response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The primary immune response of the body occurs on its first exposure to a new pathogen. The immune system encounters the threat for the first time and it takes a longer time in the recognition of the pathogen followed by its elimination. It is generally characterized by a lag phase in the beginning. The duration of the lag phase depends on the pathogenicity of the organism.

No antibodies are produced during this phase of the immune response but the activation and differentiation of the B lymphocytes into the plasma cells and memory cells are observed. Later, the differentiated plasma cells produce antibodies in low concentration and overtime, it reaches a peak in the log phase and then declines. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first produced antibody and the immune response appears in the spleen and lymph nodes.

Conclusion

Though primary immune response is a short-lived immune response, it helps in the secondary immune response due to its immunological memory.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 1BYB

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The response of the body with its first exposure to a new pathogen.

Introduction:

The immune responses exhibited by our body can be classified into the primary immune response and the secondary immune response based on its encounter with the pathogen. The first exposure of the body to a new pathogen is called the primary immune response. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen, it produces the secondary immune response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The primary immune response of the body occurs on its first exposure to a new pathogen. The immune system encounters the threat for the first time and it takes a longer time in the recognition of the pathogen followed by its elimination. It is generally characterized by a lag phase in the beginning. The duration of the lag phase depends on the pathogenicity of the organism.

No antibodies are produced during this phase of the immune response but the activation and differentiation of the B lymphocytes into the plasma cells and memory cells are observed. Later, the differentiated plasma cells produce antibodies in low concentration and overtime, it reaches a peak in the log phase and then declines. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first produced antibody and the immune response appears in the spleen and lymph nodes.

Conclusion

Though primary immune response is a short-lived immune response, it helps in the secondary immune response due to its immunological memory.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 1BYB

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The response of the body with its first exposure to a new pathogen.

Introduction:

The immune responses exhibited by our body can be classified into the primary immune response and the secondary immune response based on its encounter with the pathogen. The first exposure of the body to a new pathogen is called the primary immune response. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen, it produces the secondary immune response.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The primary immune response of the body occurs on its first exposure to a new pathogen. The immune system encounters the threat for the first time and it takes a longer time in the recognition of the pathogen followed by its elimination. It is generally characterized by a lag phase in the beginning. The duration of the lag phase depends on the pathogenicity of the organism.

No antibodies are produced during this phase of the immune response but the activation and differentiation of the B lymphocytes into the plasma cells and memory cells are observed. Later, the differentiated plasma cells produce antibodies in low concentration and overtime, it reaches a peak in the log phase and then declines. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the first produced antibody and the immune response appears in the spleen and lymph nodes.