Biological Science (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780321976499
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Emily Taylor, Greg Podgorski, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 26, Problem 11PIAT
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The monophyletic group is a term used in cladistics to categorize the organisms. This is comprised of all the descendants of a single ancestor.
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The universal phylogenetic tree of life shows the divergence of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Studies of Lokiarchaeota help
to elucidate these relationships, but the first universal tree of life was constructed by Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA
sequences. There are advantages to using different types of nucleic acid for different types of analyses.
What is a specific advantage of using small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences for phylogenetic
analysis compared with DNA sequences?
▸ View Available Hint(s)
SSU rRNA sequences accumulate mutations more rapidly than protein-encoding DNA.
SSU rRNA is frequently transferred through horizontal gene transfer, whereas DNA sequences are not.
Primers are required in DNA sequence analysis, but not for SSU rRNA sequence analysis.
Although PCR products can be visualized with SSU rRNA, this is not the case with other forms of nucleic acids.
DNA sequences are too highly conserved to work well for sequence analysis; individual species are…
Give explanation
Which of the following statements is TRUE based on the phylogenetic tree shown?
a) Bacteria and archaea are equally related to to eukarya
b) Plants and ciliates are more closely related than plants and animals
c) Green sulfur bacterial are more closely related to archaea than the Thermotogales
d) Methanosarcina and Haloarchaea are equally related to Methanococcus
e) Flavobacteria are the last common ancestor between bacteria and eukarya
Isoprene serves as a building block not only for the hydrocarbons observed in archaeal membranes but also for sterols, carotenoids, retinal, and quinones. Use any resources necessary to identify the function of these other isoprene-based molecules and to determine their distribution in nature. What does the use of isoprene to make this diverse array of molecules suggest about the nature of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)?
Chapter 26 Solutions
Biological Science (6th Edition)
Ch. 26 - 1. What do some photosynthetic bacteria use as a...Ch. 26 - What are organisms called that use inorganic...Ch. 26 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 26 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 26 - 5. What has metagenomic analysis allowed...Ch. 26 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 26 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 26 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 26 - PROCESS OF SCIENCE Streptococcus mutans obtains...Ch. 26 - PROCESS OF SCIENCE Suppose that you’ve been hired...
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- The endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of chloroplasts from gram-negative prokaryotes is supported by all of the following lines of evidence except: the presence of enzymes for the light-dependent and the dark reactions of photosynthesis the presence of circular DNA resembling that of photosynthetic eubacteria the presence of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA similar to that of the cyanobacteria their use of mitosis rather than binary fission during cell division the presence of 70s ribosomes, consisting of 30s and 50s ribosomal subunitsarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about eukaryotes is correct? - Eukaryotes are life forms that possess a nucleus in the cells. - Some cellular features, such as endoplasmic reticulum, is uniquely eukaryotic and is not shared with either bacteria or archaea. - It has been hypothesized that the first eukaryotic cell is a chimera between a bacterium and an archaeon. - During phylogenetic reconstruction, it is often found that eukaryotic genes that are responsible for information processing are more closely related to corresponding archaeal genes than to bacterial genes. - All of the abovearrow_forwardmake a drawing of a phylogenetic tree that contains all 3 domains of life. The tree should include at least three different animals, two plants, chemoheterotrophic bacteria, photoautotrophic bacteria, chemoheterotrophic archaea, thermophilic archaea and fungi. Identify both primary endosymbiosis events on the tree and draw a line to connect it to the organism that would become the future organelle.arrow_forward
- Compare and contrast bacteria, Archaea, and eukarya.arrow_forwardThe TATA-binding protein (TBP) is thought to be necessary for transcription in all eukaryotic cell nuclei. Studies show that archaea, but not bacteria,have a protein structurally and functionally similar to TBP. What does this similarity suggest regarding the evolution of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes? How might knowledge of this similarity affect how systematists classify these organisms?arrow_forwardWhy did Carl Woese propose the domain Archaea? The domain Bacteria already had too many organisms in its classification. The methanogens were discovered to be a complex organism, between prokaryotic bacteria and eukaryotes, thus it needed its own domain. He discovered that methanogens were too large to be classified as bacteria, but too small to be classified as Eukarya. In analyzing the rRNA of methanogens, he discovered that it was completely distinct from any other bacterial RRNA that had been studied. The DNA of methanogens was discovered to use different nucleotides than those of organisms in Eukarya or Bacteria.arrow_forward
- Describe the relationship between the original bacteria kingdom called monera and the domain called bacteria.arrow_forwardEvolutionary microbiologists developed a theory about a common ancestor for all eukaryotic cells. Below is a model of the theorized changes during the origin of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes are not capable of phagocytosis, or engulfing outside particles by creating a pocket in the cell membrane. Which of the following changes in early prokaryotes could be predicted to result in the emergence of eukaryotic organisms? A - the development of genetic transfer mechanisms in prokaryotes B - the evolution of predatory or parasitic relationships in prokaryotes C - the emergence of collections of cells functioning together in prokaryotes D = the expansion of internal structures to support larger individual cells in prokaryotesarrow_forwardHow many possible different trees (branching pat-terns) can in theory be drawn to display the evolution ofbacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, assuming that they allarose from a common ancestor?arrow_forward
- What problem with the six-kingdom classification system was addressed by the three-domain classification system? How did it address the problem?arrow_forwardDoes the following phylogenetic tree provide evidence to support or refute the endosymbiosis hypothesis? Briefly explain your choice (1-2 sentences) Bacteria a-Proteobacteria Mitochondria Archaea Eukarya Excavata Discicristata Alveolata Stramenopila Rhizaria Plantae Opisthokonta Amoebozoaarrow_forwardThe Ftsz protein is produced by certain eukaryotic organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, and localizes to sites where these organelles divide. How is this finding consistent with current theories of the origin of eukaryotes? Select all that apply. • View Available Hint(s) It suggests that FtsZ has different functions in prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells. That bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have ribosomes is consistent with the endosymbiosis hypothesis. It suggests that FtsZ evolved independently as eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells diverged. That bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have the same cytoskeletal proteins is consistent with the endosymbiosis hypothesis. That bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have the same small circular chromosome is consistent with the endosymbiosis hypothesis. Submitarrow_forward
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