Anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm. Concept introduction: Dysrhythmia is one of the major symptoms seen in heart failure, where the abnormal rhythm of the heart is seen. In many conditions such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and even in cardiac surgery dysrhythmia occurs. Now, Vaughan Williams classifications of the antidysrhythmic drug are used that include four major classes of drugs. The Vaughan Williams drugs classification are I (Ia, Ib, Ic), II, III, IV that are used for various dysrhythmias.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm.

Concept introduction:

Dysrhythmia is one of the major symptoms seen in heart failure, where the abnormal rhythm of the heart is seen. In many conditions such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and even in cardiac surgery dysrhythmia occurs. Now, Vaughan Williams classifications of the antidysrhythmic drug are used that include four major classes of drugs. The Vaughan Williams drugs classification are I (Ia, Ib, Ic), II, III, IV that are used for various dysrhythmias.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The heart is a unique organ that pumps oxygenated blood to organs and to bring back de-oxygenated blood to lungs to repeat the cycle. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the lungs. The heart is made up of four chambers, two ventricles, and two atria. The heart is one of the vital organs that can be subjected to various symptoms like dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. The study of the electrical impulses of the heart is termed to be cardiac electrophysiology. The electrical impulses make the heart to beat, the motion of the heart is by rushing of sodium ions and potassium into the heart cells makes an electrical flux that makes the calcium ions to influx. The influx of the calcium ions makes the heart to contract and this motion is repeated in all the cells of the heart to make it beat. The beat is termed to be the cardiac rhythm and it can be monitored by an ECG. Any abnormalities in the rhythm lead to dysrhythmias, heart failure, and death. In the normal cardiac pattern, the SA will be traveling to the atria and then lowers to the ventricles, these patterns can be observed in the ECG graph. The normal heart rates range from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

Conclusion

The anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm are discussed.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm.

Concept introduction:

Dysrhythmia is one of the major symptoms seen in heart failure, where the abnormal rhythm of the heart is seen. In many conditions such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and even in cardiac surgery dysrhythmia occurs. Now, Vaughan Williams classifications of the antidysrhythmic drug are used that include four major classes of drugs. The Vaughan Williams drugs classification are I (Ia, Ib, Ic), II, III, IV that are used for various dysrhythmias.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The heart is a unique organ that pumps oxygenated blood to organs and to bring back de-oxygenated blood to lungs to repeat the cycle. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the lungs. The heart is made up of four chambers, two ventricles, and two atria. The heart is one of the vital organs that can be subjected to various symptoms like dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. The study of the electrical impulses of the heart is termed to be cardiac electrophysiology. The electrical impulses make the heart to beat, the motion of the heart is by rushing of sodium ions and potassium into the heart cells makes an electrical flux that makes the calcium ions to influx. The influx of the calcium ions makes the heart to contract and this motion is repeated in all the cells of the heart to make it beat. The beat is termed to be the cardiac rhythm and it can be monitored by an ECG. Any abnormalities in the rhythm lead to dysrhythmias, heart failure, and death. In the normal cardiac pattern, the SA will be traveling to the atria and then lowers to the ventricles, these patterns can be observed in the ECG graph. The normal heart rates range from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

Conclusion

The anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm are discussed.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm.

Concept introduction:

Dysrhythmia is one of the major symptoms seen in heart failure, where the abnormal rhythm of the heart is seen. In many conditions such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and even in cardiac surgery dysrhythmia occurs. Now, Vaughan Williams classifications of the antidysrhythmic drug are used that include four major classes of drugs. The Vaughan Williams drugs classification are I (Ia, Ib, Ic), II, III, IV that are used for various dysrhythmias.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The heart is a unique organ that pumps oxygenated blood to organs and to bring back de-oxygenated blood to lungs to repeat the cycle. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the lungs. The heart is made up of four chambers, two ventricles, and two atria. The heart is one of the vital organs that can be subjected to various symptoms like dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. The study of the electrical impulses of the heart is termed to be cardiac electrophysiology. The electrical impulses make the heart to beat, the motion of the heart is by rushing of sodium ions and potassium into the heart cells makes an electrical flux that makes the calcium ions to influx. The influx of the calcium ions makes the heart to contract and this motion is repeated in all the cells of the heart to make it beat. The beat is termed to be the cardiac rhythm and it can be monitored by an ECG. Any abnormalities in the rhythm lead to dysrhythmias, heart failure, and death. In the normal cardiac pattern, the SA will be traveling to the atria and then lowers to the ventricles, these patterns can be observed in the ECG graph. The normal heart rates range from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

Conclusion

The anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm are discussed.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm.

Concept introduction:

Dysrhythmia is one of the major symptoms seen in heart failure, where the abnormal rhythm of the heart is seen. In many conditions such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and even in cardiac surgery dysrhythmia occurs. Now, Vaughan Williams classifications of the antidysrhythmic drug are used that include four major classes of drugs. The Vaughan Williams drugs classification are I (Ia, Ib, Ic), II, III, IV that are used for various dysrhythmias.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The heart is a unique organ that pumps oxygenated blood to organs and to bring back de-oxygenated blood to lungs to repeat the cycle. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the lungs. The heart is made up of four chambers, two ventricles, and two atria. The heart is one of the vital organs that can be subjected to various symptoms like dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. The study of the electrical impulses of the heart is termed to be cardiac electrophysiology. The electrical impulses make the heart to beat, the motion of the heart is by rushing of sodium ions and potassium into the heart cells makes an electrical flux that makes the calcium ions to influx. The influx of the calcium ions makes the heart to contract and this motion is repeated in all the cells of the heart to make it beat. The beat is termed to be the cardiac rhythm and it can be monitored by an ECG. Any abnormalities in the rhythm lead to dysrhythmias, heart failure, and death. In the normal cardiac pattern, the SA will be traveling to the atria and then lowers to the ventricles, these patterns can be observed in the ECG graph. The normal heart rates range from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

Conclusion

The anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm are discussed.

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Answer 5

Chapter 25, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm.

Concept introduction:

Dysrhythmia is one of the major symptoms seen in heart failure, where the abnormal rhythm of the heart is seen. In many conditions such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and even in cardiac surgery dysrhythmia occurs. Now, Vaughan Williams classifications of the antidysrhythmic drug are used that include four major classes of drugs. The Vaughan Williams drugs classification are I (Ia, Ib, Ic), II, III, IV that are used for various dysrhythmias.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The heart is a unique organ that pumps oxygenated blood to organs and to bring back de-oxygenated blood to lungs to repeat the cycle. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the lungs. The heart is made up of four chambers, two ventricles, and two atria. The heart is one of the vital organs that can be subjected to various symptoms like dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. The study of the electrical impulses of the heart is termed to be cardiac electrophysiology. The electrical impulses make the heart to beat, the motion of the heart is by rushing of sodium ions and potassium into the heart cells makes an electrical flux that makes the calcium ions to influx. The influx of the calcium ions makes the heart to contract and this motion is repeated in all the cells of the heart to make it beat. The beat is termed to be the cardiac rhythm and it can be monitored by an ECG. Any abnormalities in the rhythm lead to dysrhythmias, heart failure, and death. In the normal cardiac pattern, the SA will be traveling to the atria and then lowers to the ventricles, these patterns can be observed in the ECG graph. The normal heart rates range from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

Conclusion

The anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm are discussed.

Answer 6

Chapter 25, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm.

Concept introduction:

Dysrhythmia is one of the major symptoms seen in heart failure, where the abnormal rhythm of the heart is seen. In many conditions such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and even in cardiac surgery dysrhythmia occurs. Now, Vaughan Williams classifications of the antidysrhythmic drug are used that include four major classes of drugs. The Vaughan Williams drugs classification are I (Ia, Ib, Ic), II, III, IV that are used for various dysrhythmias.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The heart is a unique organ that pumps oxygenated blood to organs and to bring back de-oxygenated blood to lungs to repeat the cycle. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the lungs. The heart is made up of four chambers, two ventricles, and two atria. The heart is one of the vital organs that can be subjected to various symptoms like dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. The study of the electrical impulses of the heart is termed to be cardiac electrophysiology. The electrical impulses make the heart to beat, the motion of the heart is by rushing of sodium ions and potassium into the heart cells makes an electrical flux that makes the calcium ions to influx. The influx of the calcium ions makes the heart to contract and this motion is repeated in all the cells of the heart to make it beat. The beat is termed to be the cardiac rhythm and it can be monitored by an ECG. Any abnormalities in the rhythm lead to dysrhythmias, heart failure, and death. In the normal cardiac pattern, the SA will be traveling to the atria and then lowers to the ventricles, these patterns can be observed in the ECG graph. The normal heart rates range from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

Conclusion

The anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm are discussed.

Answer 7

Chapter 25, Problem 1O

Summary Introduction

To describe:

Anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiac electrophysiology, including normal condition patterns, rate, and rhythm.

Concept introduction:

Dysrhythmia is one of the major symptoms seen in heart failure, where the abnormal rhythm of the heart is seen. In many conditions such as myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and even in cardiac surgery dysrhythmia occurs. Now, Vaughan Williams classifications of the antidysrhythmic drug are used that include four major classes of drugs. The Vaughan Williams drugs classification are I (Ia, Ib, Ic), II, III, IV that are used for various dysrhythmias.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The heart is a unique organ that pumps oxygenated blood to organs and to bring back de-oxygenated blood to lungs to repeat the cycle. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the lungs. The heart is made up of four chambers, two ventricles, and two atria. The heart is one of the vital organs that can be subjected to various symptoms like dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. The study of the electrical impulses of the heart is termed to be cardiac electrophysiology. The electrical impulses make the heart to beat, the motion of the heart is by rushing of sodium ions and potassium into the heart cells makes an electrical flux that makes the calcium ions to influx. The influx of the calcium ions makes the heart to contract and this motion is repeated in all the cells of the heart to make it beat. The beat is termed to be the cardiac rhythm and it can be monitored by an ECG. Any abnormalities in the rhythm lead to dysrhythmias, heart failure, and death. In the normal cardiac pattern, the SA will be traveling to the atria and then lowers to the ventricles, these patterns can be observed in the ECG graph. The normal heart rates range from 60 to 100 beats per minute.