Chapter 24.2, Problem 4LO

Summary Introduction

To explain: The four tissue layers that surround and support the kidneys.

Introduction: The kidneys are two symmetrical, bean-shaped, reddish-brown organs. Each kidney measures about 12 centimeters in length, 6.5 centimeters in width, and 2.5 centimeters in thickness. The kidneys remove the nitrogenous waste such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid. They balance water and electrolytes, release hormones such as renin, erythropoietin, and calciferol, regulate pH and blood pressure, and eliminate biologically active molecules such as drugs, and hormones.