Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach (MindTap Course List)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781133612315
Author: Jack Erjavec, Rob Thompson
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 24, Problem 1RQ
Describe the difference between an open- and a closed-loop operation.
Expert Solution & Answer
To determine
The difference between an open- and a closed-loop operation.
Answer to Problem 1RQ
Closed-loop operations work on the principle of feedback. The output from the current operation is used to modify the input for the next operation. The open-loop operation works only on the input. There is no feedback for this open-loop operations.
Explanation of Solution
Some of the significant differences between an open- and a closed-loop operation are as follows:
| Closed-loop operation | Open-loop operation |
| Its basis is the output of the current operation. The feedback from the current output is used to modify the input. | Does not have any feedback system. It completely works on the input. |
| Less stable. | Mostly stables. |
| Overall cost is high. | Overall cost is low. |
| Easy to calibrate. | Difficult to calibrate. |
| Examples are refrigerator, Air conditioner, toaster, etc. | Examples are automatic washing machine, Traffic light, TV remote, etc. |
| The structure of closed-loop operations are complex and so they are difficult to be implemented. | The structure of open-loop operations are simple and so they are easy to be implemented. |
Conclusion:
Closed-loop operation works on the feedback i.e. its basis is the output whereas open-loop operation is completely based on the input.
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العنوان
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не
Am
4
A pump draws water through a 300-mm diameter cast iron pipe, 15m long from a reservoir
in which the water surface is 4.5 m higher than the pump and discharges through a 250-
mm diameter cast iron, 75 m long, to an elevated tank in which the water surface is 60 m
higher than the pump. Q=0.25 m³/s. Considering f-0.02 and the coefficients for minor
head losses (k entrance 0.5, k bend 0.35, and K exit -0.5), compute the power of the pump.
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4.5 m
Kentrance
300 mm dia.
15 m Length
250 mm dia.
75 m Length
kpend
kexit
60 m
ostlar
Chapter 24 Solutions
Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach (MindTap Course List)
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