Reason for why angle found in p-nitroaniline means that the amine group is planar and in the same plane as the benzene ring has to be determined from the given options. Concept Introduction: Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy. Geometry of different types of molecule with respect to the hybridizations are mentioned are mentioned below, T y p e o f m o l e c u l e H y b r i d a i z a t i o n A t o m i c o r b i t a l s u s e d f o r h y b r i d a i z a t i o n G e o m e t r y A X 2 s p 1 s + 1 p L i n e a r A X 3 , A X 2 B s p 2 1 s + 2 p T r i g o n a l p l a n a r A X 4 , A X 3 B , A X 2 B 2 s p 3 1 s + 3 p T e t r a h e d r a l A X 5 , A X 4 B , A X 3 B 2 , A X 2 B 3 s p 3 d 1 s + 3 p + 1 d T r i g o n a l b i p y r a m i d a l A X 6 , A X 5 B , A X 4 B 2 s p 3 d 2 1 s + 3 p + 2 d O c t a h e d r a l A → C e n t r a l a t o m X → A t o m s b o n d e d t o A B → N o n b o n d i n g e l e c t r o n p a i r s o n A Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital. Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

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Chapter 23.5, Problem AQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Reason for why angle found in p-nitroaniline means that the amine group is planar and in the same plane as the benzene ring has to be determined from the given options.

Concept Introduction:

Hybridization is the mixing of valence atomic orbitals to get equivalent hybridized orbitals that having similar characteristics and energy.

Geometry of different types of molecule with respect to the hybridizations are mentioned are mentioned below,

Type of moleculeHybridaization Atomic orbitals used for hybridaization GeometryAX2sp1s+1pLinearAX3,AX2Bsp21s+2pTrigonal planarAX4,AX3B,AX2B2sp31s+3pTetrahedralAX5,AX4B,AX3B2,AX2B3sp3d1s+3p+1dTrigonal bipyramidalAX6,AX5B,AX4B2sp3d21s+3p+2dOctahedralA → Central atomX → Atoms bonded to AB → Non bonding electron pairs on A

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

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