Conceptual Physical Science (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780134060491
Author: Paul G. Hewitt, John A. Suchocki, Leslie A. Hewitt
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 23, Problem 8RCQ
What is radioactive half-life?
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Explain the process of radiocarbondating.
The carbon content of living trees includes a small proportion of C-14, which is a radioactive isotope. After a tree dies, the proportion of C-14 in it decreases due to radioactive decay.Suggest why the method of carbon dating is likely to be unreliable if a sample is:a) < 200 years oldb) > 60,000 years old
A fossil is found that contains 6.25% as much Radium-226 as fossils being formed today.
The half-life of Radium -226 is 1.60 x103 years. How old is the fossil?
Hint: How many half-lives did the Radium-226 go through for 6.25% to remain?
So, how many years have passed over 4 half lives?
Chapter 23 Solutions
Conceptual Physical Science (6th Edition)
Ch. 23 - Prob. 1RCQCh. 23 - What six principles are used in relative dating?...Ch. 23 - A granitic dike is found across a sandstone layer....Ch. 23 - Why dont all rock formations show a continuous...Ch. 23 - How are fossils used in determining geologic time?Ch. 23 - In a sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the...Ch. 23 - Prob. 7RCQCh. 23 - What is radioactive half-life?Ch. 23 - What are the half-lives of uranium-238,...Ch. 23 - Prob. 10RCQ
Ch. 23 - Prob. 11RCQCh. 23 - Which of the geologic time units spans the...Ch. 23 - Prob. 13RCQCh. 23 - What key developments in life occurred during...Ch. 23 - What evidence do we have of Precambrian life?Ch. 23 - The Paleozoic era experienced several fluctuations...Ch. 23 - Prob. 17RCQCh. 23 - Prob. 18RCQCh. 23 - What life forms are associated with the Devonian...Ch. 23 - Why are internal nostrils in the lobe-finned...Ch. 23 - Why do many geologists consider the lobe-finned...Ch. 23 - During what time period were most coal deposits...Ch. 23 - In what area of the United States do we find rich...Ch. 23 - What group evolved from the amphibians with the...Ch. 23 - Prob. 25RCQCh. 23 - What is the most likely cause of the Cretaceous...Ch. 23 - What effect did the breakup of Pangaea have on sea...Ch. 23 - How is the element iridium related to the time of...Ch. 23 - Which epochs make up the Tertiary period? The...Ch. 23 - What important life forms evolved during the...Ch. 23 - Refer to the accompanying figure. Using the...Ch. 23 - On a cross section, a dark wavy line is used to...Ch. 23 - If fine muds were laid down at a rate of 1 cm/1000...Ch. 23 - With the formation of Pangaea, disconnected...Ch. 23 - The decay of radioactive elements to stable...Ch. 23 - Going from oldest to youngest, rank these life...Ch. 23 - The geologic time scale is subdivided into eons,...Ch. 23 - Prob. 38TARCh. 23 - Throughout geologic time there have been several...Ch. 23 - Throughout geologic time there have been many...Ch. 23 - The Cenozoic is known for many tectonic events. In...Ch. 23 - Each period of the Paleozoic saw marked changes in...Ch. 23 - Prob. 43TARCh. 23 - If a sedimentary rock contains inclusions of...Ch. 23 - Granitic pebbles within a sedimentary rock have a...Ch. 23 - Two isolated rock outcrops share a few similar...Ch. 23 - Suppose that in an undeformed sequence of rocks,...Ch. 23 - In a sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the...Ch. 23 - What is the difference between a nonconformity and...Ch. 23 - Prob. 50ECh. 23 - What general assumption must be made to understand...Ch. 23 - Suppose you see a sequence of sedimentary rock...Ch. 23 - In dating a mineral, what is meant by resetting...Ch. 23 - A radiometric date is determined from mica that...Ch. 23 - If we divide a number by 2, and then divide the...Ch. 23 - Which isotopes are most appropriate for dating...Ch. 23 - Has the amount of uranium in Earth increased over...Ch. 23 - Before the discovery of radioactivity, how did...Ch. 23 - In the geologic time scale, which time division...Ch. 23 - What is the basis for the division of the geologic...Ch. 23 - What factors are believed to have contributed to...Ch. 23 - Prob. 62ECh. 23 - Prob. 63ECh. 23 - How did the Precambrian atmosphere become...Ch. 23 - Why is it difficult to find fossils in Precambrian...Ch. 23 - What are strematolites, and what is their...Ch. 23 - Prob. 67ECh. 23 - Prob. 68ECh. 23 - Prob. 69ECh. 23 - Prob. 70ECh. 23 - Prob. 71ECh. 23 - Coal beds form from the accumulation of plant...Ch. 23 - Prob. 73ECh. 23 - What can cause a rise in sea level? Is this likely...Ch. 23 - What are some potential worldwide consequences...Ch. 23 - What is the significance of an amniote egg?Ch. 23 - Prob. 77ECh. 23 - What effect did the breakup of Pangaea have on...Ch. 23 - Was there a time when dinosaurs and humans...Ch. 23 - Prob. 80ECh. 23 - Prob. 81ECh. 23 - How does basaltic lava in a rift zone separate two...Ch. 23 - Prob. 83ECh. 23 - What is the Anthropocene epoch?Ch. 23 - Prob. 85ECh. 23 - Prob. 86ECh. 23 - What event allowed the evolution of many mammals...Ch. 23 - Prob. 88ECh. 23 - Prob. 89ECh. 23 - Prob. 90ECh. 23 - Prob. 91ECh. 23 - Prob. 92ECh. 23 - How old are the oldest rocks on Earth? About how...Ch. 23 - During Earth's long history, life has emerged and...Ch. 23 - Prob. 95ECh. 23 - Prob. 96ECh. 23 - Prob. 97DQCh. 23 - How have modern humans affected geologic...Ch. 23 - Prob. 99DQCh. 23 - Prob. 100DQCh. 23 - The principle of superposition is that each new...Ch. 23 - Life forms throughout Earths past have emerged in...Ch. 23 - The time it takes for 50% of a radioactive...Ch. 23 - Development of Earths oceans was probably due to...Ch. 23 - Prob. 5RATCh. 23 - The Paleozoic experienced several fluctuations in...Ch. 23 - The most important event during the Cambrian...Ch. 23 - The formation of the supercontinent of Pangaea (a)...Ch. 23 - Prob. 9RATCh. 23 - The creation of the San Andreas Fault corresponded...
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- If the half-life of a radioactive specimen is 100 years, then how long will it take for the specimen to reach 25% of its original amount? (24.3) (a) 25 years (b) 50 years (c) 100 years (d) 200 yearsarrow_forwardCarbon-14 dating measures the ratio of carbon-14 not to its daughter, nitrogen-14, but instead to what isotope?arrow_forwardWhat are the three conditions for using an isotope in a rock to date that rock?arrow_forward
- The half-life of Carbon-13 is 5750 years. Samples taken at an excavation site show that a one-kilogram sample has 65% Carbon-13 as compared to a normal sample. What is the age of the sample?arrow_forwardSOME ISOTOPES USED FOR RADIOMETRIC DATING Daughter Isotope (D) Half-Lives (T½) Useful Dating Range Parent Isotope (P) Materials Dated Newly formed crystal Uranium-238 4.5 billion years Zircon 713 million years Zircon Lead-206 ages > 10 m.y. 100 Uranium-235 Lead-207 ages > 10 m.y. 0000000o o00000 15.9% decayed to daughter Potassium-40 Argon-40 Biotite, muscovite, whole volcanic rock 1.3 billion years ages > 50,000 yr Shells, limestone, organic materials ages 100-60,000 yr Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14 5730 years 84.1 29.3% decayed 70.7 Parent Atoms (P) 000000000e 50% decayed RADIOACTIVE DECAY 50.0 Daughter Atoms (D) 25.0 75% decayed 87.5% decayed 12.5 93.8% decayed 96.9% decayed 6.2 3.1 14 2 3 4 5 6 Half-Lives (T1) Elapsed DECAY PARAMETERS FOR ALL RADIOACTIVE DECAY PAIRS Percent of Parent Atoms (P) Percent of Daughter Atoms (D) Half-Lives Elapsed Age 0.000 x T 0.015 x T 0.031 x Ty 0.062 x Ty 0.125 x T 0.250 x T 0.500 x T2 1.000 x Ty2 100.0 0.0 98.9 1.1 1/64 97.9 2.1 1/32 95.8 4.2 1/16 91.7 8.3…arrow_forwardIs the presence of O shale usually indicated by a high gamma ray reading?arrow_forward
- A fossilized leaf contains 70% Of its normal amount of carbon- 14. How old is the fossil? Use 5730 yesrs as the half-life of carbon- 14.arrow_forwardEach time you dumped the pennies, one half-life passed; it has been shown that thehalf-life for this radioactive isotope is 20 years. In the year 2000, an archaeology teamunearths pottery and is using this isotope for radiometric dating to place the age of thepottery. It is shown that 95% of the nuclei have decayed. Using your graph,approximately how long ago was the pottery made?arrow_forwardExample of radioactive datingarrow_forward
- A layer of peat beneath the glacial sediments of the last ice age has a carbon-14/carbon-12 ratio that is 21.2% of that found in living organisms. How long ago was this ice age?arrow_forwardThe half-life for a particular isotope is 5 seconds. Suppose there are initially 380 grams present in a specimen. Find how much of the specimen remains after 8 seconds. (Your answer should contain about 4 or 5 significant digits.) Determine how long it will take for there to be 240 grams remaining. (Your answer should contain about 4 or 5 significant digits.)arrow_forward(20)The half-life of Carbon-14 is 5700 years. If a 16 gram sample is found in a rock layer known to be 42,000 years old, how much Carbon-14 did it start with? Group of answer choices 1400 g 3700 g 3100 g 5300 g 2600 garrow_forward
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