For each concentration limit of detection and the limit of quantitation has to be calculated. Concept Introduction: The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank. Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows: Limit of detection = ( 3 ) ( Relative standard deviation ) Quantitation limit is the smallest amount that can be measured with reasonable accuracy. Quantitation limit is calculated as follows: Limit of quantitation = ( 10 ) ( Relative standard deviation ) Relation between limit of detection and quantitaion limit is as follows: Limit of quantitation = ( 10 3 ) ( Limit of detection )

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For each concentration limit of detection and the limit of quantitation has to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

Quantitation limit is the smallest amount that can be measured with reasonable accuracy.

Quantitation limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(10)(Relative standard deviation)

Relation between limit of detection and quantitaion limit is as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(103)(Limit of detection)

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

Mean quantitation limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

(103)(Detection limit)=(103)(0.0996 μg L−1)=0.332 μg L−1

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Absorbance of Br3− in the 6.00 mm pathlength detection cell of the chromatograph has to be calculared

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

The relation between the absorbance and concentration of the analyte is calculated from the Lambert Beer’s law as follows:

A=(ε)(c)(l)

Here, A is the absorbance.

ε is the molar absorption coefficient.

c is the concentration of analyte.

l is the optical path length.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

The reaction between BrO3− and Br− is as follows:

BrO3−+8Br−+6H+→3Br3−+3H2O

Hence, molar concentration of Br3− is 3 times greater than the molar concentration of BrO3−.

Hence molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit= (3)(detection limit of BrO3− in μg L−1 )(Molar mass of BrO3−) =(3)(0.0996 μg L−1)(127.90 g mol−1)=2.3362×10−9 M

Absorbance of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Absorbace=(Molar absorptivity)(Molar concentation)(Path length in cm)=(2.3362×10−9 M)(40900 M−1 cm−1)(0.6 cm)=0.00005733

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For each concentration limit of detection and the limit of quantitation has to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

Quantitation limit is the smallest amount that can be measured with reasonable accuracy.

Quantitation limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(10)(Relative standard deviation)

Relation between limit of detection and quantitaion limit is as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(103)(Limit of detection)

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

Mean quantitation limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

(103)(Detection limit)=(103)(0.0996 μg L−1)=0.332 μg L−1

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Absorbance of Br3− in the 6.00 mm pathlength detection cell of the chromatograph has to be calculared

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

The relation between the absorbance and concentration of the analyte is calculated from the Lambert Beer’s law as follows:

A=(ε)(c)(l)

Here, A is the absorbance.

ε is the molar absorption coefficient.

c is the concentration of analyte.

l is the optical path length.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

The reaction between BrO3− and Br− is as follows:

BrO3−+8Br−+6H+→3Br3−+3H2O

Hence, molar concentration of Br3− is 3 times greater than the molar concentration of BrO3−.

Hence molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit= (3)(detection limit of BrO3− in μg L−1 )(Molar mass of BrO3−) =(3)(0.0996 μg L−1)(127.90 g mol−1)=2.3362×10−9 M

Absorbance of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Absorbace=(Molar absorptivity)(Molar concentation)(Path length in cm)=(2.3362×10−9 M)(40900 M−1 cm−1)(0.6 cm)=0.00005733

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For each concentration limit of detection and the limit of quantitation has to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

Quantitation limit is the smallest amount that can be measured with reasonable accuracy.

Quantitation limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(10)(Relative standard deviation)

Relation between limit of detection and quantitaion limit is as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(103)(Limit of detection)

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

Mean quantitation limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

(103)(Detection limit)=(103)(0.0996 μg L−1)=0.332 μg L−1

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Absorbance of Br3− in the 6.00 mm pathlength detection cell of the chromatograph has to be calculared

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

The relation between the absorbance and concentration of the analyte is calculated from the Lambert Beer’s law as follows:

A=(ε)(c)(l)

Here, A is the absorbance.

ε is the molar absorption coefficient.

c is the concentration of analyte.

l is the optical path length.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

The reaction between BrO3− and Br− is as follows:

BrO3−+8Br−+6H+→3Br3−+3H2O

Hence, molar concentration of Br3− is 3 times greater than the molar concentration of BrO3−.

Hence molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit= (3)(detection limit of BrO3− in μg L−1 )(Molar mass of BrO3−) =(3)(0.0996 μg L−1)(127.90 g mol−1)=2.3362×10−9 M

Absorbance of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Absorbace=(Molar absorptivity)(Molar concentation)(Path length in cm)=(2.3362×10−9 M)(40900 M−1 cm−1)(0.6 cm)=0.00005733

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For each concentration limit of detection and the limit of quantitation has to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

Quantitation limit is the smallest amount that can be measured with reasonable accuracy.

Quantitation limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(10)(Relative standard deviation)

Relation between limit of detection and quantitaion limit is as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(103)(Limit of detection)

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

Mean quantitation limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

(103)(Detection limit)=(103)(0.0996 μg L−1)=0.332 μg L−1

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Absorbance of Br3− in the 6.00 mm pathlength detection cell of the chromatograph has to be calculared

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

The relation between the absorbance and concentration of the analyte is calculated from the Lambert Beer’s law as follows:

A=(ε)(c)(l)

Here, A is the absorbance.

ε is the molar absorption coefficient.

c is the concentration of analyte.

l is the optical path length.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

The reaction between BrO3− and Br− is as follows:

BrO3−+8Br−+6H+→3Br3−+3H2O

Hence, molar concentration of Br3− is 3 times greater than the molar concentration of BrO3−.

Hence molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit= (3)(detection limit of BrO3− in μg L−1 )(Molar mass of BrO3−) =(3)(0.0996 μg L−1)(127.90 g mol−1)=2.3362×10−9 M

Absorbance of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Absorbace=(Molar absorptivity)(Molar concentation)(Path length in cm)=(2.3362×10−9 M)(40900 M−1 cm−1)(0.6 cm)=0.00005733

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For each concentration limit of detection and the limit of quantitation has to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

Quantitation limit is the smallest amount that can be measured with reasonable accuracy.

Quantitation limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(10)(Relative standard deviation)

Relation between limit of detection and quantitaion limit is as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(103)(Limit of detection)

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

Mean quantitation limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

(103)(Detection limit)=(103)(0.0996 μg L−1)=0.332 μg L−1

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Absorbance of Br3− in the 6.00 mm pathlength detection cell of the chromatograph has to be calculared

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

The relation between the absorbance and concentration of the analyte is calculated from the Lambert Beer’s law as follows:

A=(ε)(c)(l)

Here, A is the absorbance.

ε is the molar absorption coefficient.

c is the concentration of analyte.

l is the optical path length.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

The reaction between BrO3− and Br− is as follows:

BrO3−+8Br−+6H+→3Br3−+3H2O

Hence, molar concentration of Br3− is 3 times greater than the molar concentration of BrO3−.

Hence molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit= (3)(detection limit of BrO3− in μg L−1 )(Molar mass of BrO3−) =(3)(0.0996 μg L−1)(127.90 g mol−1)=2.3362×10−9 M

Absorbance of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Absorbace=(Molar absorptivity)(Molar concentation)(Path length in cm)=(2.3362×10−9 M)(40900 M−1 cm−1)(0.6 cm)=0.00005733

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For each concentration limit of detection and the limit of quantitation has to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

Quantitation limit is the smallest amount that can be measured with reasonable accuracy.

Quantitation limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(10)(Relative standard deviation)

Relation between limit of detection and quantitaion limit is as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(103)(Limit of detection)

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

Mean quantitation limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

(103)(Detection limit)=(103)(0.0996 μg L−1)=0.332 μg L−1

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.22P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For each concentration limit of detection and the limit of quantitation has to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

Quantitation limit is the smallest amount that can be measured with reasonable accuracy.

Quantitation limit is calculated as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(10)(Relative standard deviation)

Relation between limit of detection and quantitaion limit is as follows:

    Limit of quantitation=(103)(Limit of detection)

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

Mean quantitation limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

(103)(Detection limit)=(103)(0.0996 μg L−1)=0.332 μg L−1

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Absorbance of Br3− in the 6.00 mm pathlength detection cell of the chromatograph has to be calculared

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

The relation between the absorbance and concentration of the analyte is calculated from the Lambert Beer’s law as follows:

A=(ε)(c)(l)

Here, A is the absorbance.

ε is the molar absorption coefficient.

c is the concentration of analyte.

l is the optical path length.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

The reaction between BrO3− and Br− is as follows:

BrO3−+8Br−+6H+→3Br3−+3H2O

Hence, molar concentration of Br3− is 3 times greater than the molar concentration of BrO3−.

Hence molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit= (3)(detection limit of BrO3− in μg L−1 )(Molar mass of BrO3−) =(3)(0.0996 μg L−1)(127.90 g mol−1)=2.3362×10−9 M

Absorbance of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Absorbace=(Molar absorptivity)(Molar concentation)(Path length in cm)=(2.3362×10−9 M)(40900 M−1 cm−1)(0.6 cm)=0.00005733

Answer 13

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Absorbance of Br3− in the 6.00 mm pathlength detection cell of the chromatograph has to be calculared

Concept Introduction:

The detection limit is the smallest quantity of analyte that is significantly different from the blank.

Limit of detection or minimum detectable limit is calculated as follows:

Limit of detection=(3)(Relative standard deviation)

The relation between the absorbance and concentration of the analyte is calculated from the Lambert Beer’s law as follows:

A=(ε)(c)(l)

Here, A is the absorbance.

ε is the molar absorption coefficient.

c is the concentration of analyte.

l is the optical path length.

Answer 14

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The relative standard deviation of 14.4 % of 0.2 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.2 μg L−1)(14.4100)=0.0288 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.0288 μg L−1)=0.0864 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 6.8 % of 0.5 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(0.5 μg L−1)(6.8100)=0.034 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.034 μg L−1)=0.102 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 3.2 % of 1.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(1.0 μg L−1)(3.2100)=0.032 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.032 μg L−1)=0.096 μg L−1

The relative standard deviation of 1.9 % of 2.0 μg L−1 is calculated as follows:

(2.0 μg L−1)(1.9100)=0.038 μg L−1

Limit of detection of first concentration value of bromated ion is calculated as follows:

(3)(Relative standard deviation)=(3)(0.038 μg L−1)=0.114 μg L−1

Hence mean of these four detection limit of concentration is calculated as follows:

0.0864 μg L−1+0.102 μg L−1+0.096 μg L−1+0.114 μg L−1 4=0.0996 μg L−1

The reaction between BrO3− and Br− is as follows:

BrO3−+8Br−+6H+→3Br3−+3H2O

Hence, molar concentration of Br3− is 3 times greater than the molar concentration of BrO3−.

Hence molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit is calculated as follows:

Molar concentration of Br3− at mean detection limit= (3)(detection limit of BrO3− in μg L−1 )(Molar mass of BrO3−) =(3)(0.0996 μg L−1)(127.90 g mol−1)=2.3362×10−9 M