To describe:
The way in which the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is associated with warts, causes cervical cancer.
Concept introduction:
Apart from warts, four strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) also cause cervical cancer in women. “Gardasil” vaccine provides protection against all four of these strains, and the vaccine “Cervarix” protects against two of these strains.
In 2013, it was reported that the cervical cancer cases have reduced by 56% after the introduction of vaccines. It is recommended that all women between the ages of 14-26 years old should get vaccinated against HPV.
Explanation of Solution
Even though the human papillomavirus (HPV) is mainly associated with warts, it is also responsible for causing cervical cancer in women. When a woman has been exposed to a prolonged infection by HPV, there’s a risk that she would develop cervical cancer. This type of cancer proceeds gradually without showing any symptoms or signs, causing harm along the way. It can only be diagnosed by Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, which involves examining of cells that have been extracted from the infected cervix for abnormalities.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer in women who have been exposed to HPV infections for a significantly long period of time. This type of cancer occurs without showing any signs or symptoms and gradually causes harm.
To describe:
The reason for which young women and preteens should receive the HPV vaccines.
Concept introduction:
It has been reported that the cervical cancer cases have reduced by 56% after the introduction of vaccines like Gardasil and Cervarix. It is recommended that all women between the ages of 14-26 years old should get vaccinated against HPV.
Explanation of Solution
Young women and preteens should receive the HPV vaccines because this vaccine is a protective measure against cancers that are caused by prolonged infection by “human papillomavirus” (HPV). This virus is responsible for infecting teens and adults, and the infection might gradually develop into cancer without showing any symptoms. The virus can be transmitted from one person to other by sexual contact and so millions of HPV infection cases are reported every year.
Young men can also develop oropharyngeal cancer by HPV infection in the mouth due to performing oral sex with an infected partner.
Young women and preteens should receive the HPV vaccines because this as a preventive measure against prolonged infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) that might develop into cancer later in life. HPV infection can spread through sexual and oral intercourse with an infected person.
To describe:
The recommendations for males to receive the HPV vaccines.
Concept introduction:
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for infecting teens and adults, and the infection might gradually develop into cancer of the region that is exposed to the virus, without showing any symptoms. HPV infection can spread through sexual and oral intercourse with an infected person.
Explanation of Solution
Even though oropharyngeal cancer is commonly caused by tobacco and alcohol use, there has been an increased number of cases involving oropharyngeal cancer caused by HPV infection in men. This HPV source or this type of cancer is transmitted through oral sex, which is a common practice among young individuals. Oropharyngeal cancer caused by HPV in males is the same as cervical cancer caused by HPV in females.
Therefore, for prevention against the infection and for limiting its exposure to females, young men and boys are also recommended to receive the HPV vaccine.
Young men and boys are also recommended to receive the HPV vaccine for prevention against the HPV infection and for limiting its exposure to females, as these infections can gradually develop into cancers.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 23 Solutions
MICROBIOLOGY W/ACCESS
- With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forwardWith reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobinarrow_forwardWhich ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forward
- Which ONE of the following is FALSE regarding haemoglobin? It has two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The subunits are joined by disulphide bonds. Each subunit covalently binds a haem group. Conformational change in one subunit can be transmitted to another. There are many variant ("mutant") forms of haemoglobin that are not harmful.arrow_forwardDuring a routine medical check up of a healthy man it was found that his haematocrit value was highly unusual – value of 60%. What one of the options below is the most likely reason? He will have a diet high in iron. He is likely to be suffering from anaemia. He lives at high altitude. He has recently recovered from an accident where he lost a lot of blood. He has a very large body size.arrow_forwardExplain what age of culture is most likely to produce an endospore?arrow_forward
- Explain why hot temperatures greater than 45 degrees celsius would not initiate the sporulation process in endospores?arrow_forwardEndospore stain: Consider tube 2 of the 7-day bacillus culture. After is was heated, it was incubated for 24 hours then refrigerated. Do you think the cloudiness in this tube is due mostly to vegetative cells or to endospores? Explain your reasoningarrow_forwardReactunts C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 2NAD+ + 2ADP 2 Pyruvic acid + 2NADH + 2ATP a. Which of the above are the reactants? b. Which of the above are the products? c. Which reactant is the electron donor? GHz 06 (glucose) d. Which reactant is the electron acceptor? NAD e. Which of the products have been reduced? NADH f. Which of the products have been oxidized? g. Which process was used to produce the ATP? h. Where was the energy initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? i. Where was the carbon initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? j. Where were the electrons initially in this chemical reaction and where is it now that it is finished? 3arrow_forward
- There is ________ the concept of global warming. Very strong evidence to support Some strong evidence to support Evidence both supporting and against Evidence againstarrow_forwardHow many types of reactions can an enzyme perform?arrow_forwardYour goal is to produce black seeds resistant to mold. So you make the same cross again (between a homozygous black seeded, mold susceptible parent and a homozygous white seeded and mold resistant parent), and, again, advance progeny by SSD to create 100 F10 generation plants. Based on the information you obtained from your first crossing experiment (Question #4), how many F10 plants would you expect to have black seeds and be resistant to mold? Assume that a toxin produced by the mold fungus has been isolated. Only mold resistant seeds will germinate in the presence of the toxin. Could you use this toxin screening procedure to have segregation distortion work in your favor in the F2 generation? Explain your answer. Info from Question 4 a. P Locus (Seed Color): Hypothesis: The null hypothesis (H₀) is that seed color is controlled by alleles at a single locus. Observed Data: Total white seeds: 45 (resistant plants) + 6 (susceptible plants) = 51 Total black seeds: 7 (resistant…arrow_forward
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education