For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn. Concept Introduction: Activating and deactivating groups: If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions. If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 6

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 7

Chapter 22.2, Problem 22.4P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given starting material, structural formula for the nitration product has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene carbon are electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 22.1P Ch. 22.1 - Write a structural formula for the product from...Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 22.3P Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 22.4P Ch. 22.2 - Predict the major produce(s) of each electrophilic...Ch. 22.3 - In SN2 reactions of haloalkanes, the order of...Ch. 22 - Prob. 22.8P Ch. 22 - Prob. 22.9P Ch. 22 - Addition of m-xylene to the strongly acidic...Ch. 22 - Addition of tert-butylbenzene to the strongly...

Solution Summary: The author explains that if substituents on benzene carbon are electron rich, they are known as activating and deactivating groups.

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Chapter 22 Solutions