Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Volume 2
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781337553582
Author: Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 22, Problem 3P
In a thundercloud, there may be electric charges of +40.0 C near the top of the cloud and −40.0 C near the bottom of the cloud. These charges are separated by 2.00 km. What is the electric force on the top charge?
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Question B3
Consider the following FLRW spacetime:
t2
ds² = -dt² +
(dx²
+ dy²+ dz²),
t2
where t is a constant.
a)
State whether this universe is spatially open, closed or flat.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Hubble factor H(t), and represent it in a (roughly drawn) plot as a function
of time t, starting at t = 0.
[3 marks]
c) Taking galaxy A to be located at (x, y, z) = (0,0,0), determine the proper distance to galaxy
B located at (x, y, z) = (L, 0, 0). Determine the recessional velocity of galaxy B with respect
to galaxy A.
d) The Friedmann equations are
2
k
8πG
а
4πG
+
a²
(p+3p).
3
a
3
[5 marks]
Use these equations to determine the energy density p(t) and the pressure p(t) for the
FLRW spacetime specified at the top of the page.
[5 marks]
e) Given the result of question B3.d, state whether the FLRW universe in question is (i)
radiation-dominated, (ii) matter-dominated, (iii) cosmological-constant-dominated, or (iv)
none of the previous. Justify your answer.
f)
[5 marks]
A conformally…
SECTION B
Answer ONLY TWO questions in Section B
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-B sub question.]
Question B1
Consider the line element
where w is a constant.
ds²=-dt²+e2wt dx²,
a) Determine the components of the metric and of the inverse metric.
[2 marks]
b) Determine the Christoffel symbols. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[10 marks]
c)
Write down the geodesic equations.
[5 marks]
d) Show that e2wt it is a constant of geodesic motion.
[4 marks]
e)
Solve the geodesic equations for null geodesics.
[4 marks]
Page 2
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions in Section A
[Expect to use one single-sided A4 page for each Section-A sub question.]
Question A1
SPA6308 (2024)
Consider Minkowski spacetime in Cartesian coordinates th
=
(t, x, y, z), such that
ds² = dt² + dx² + dy² + dz².
(a) Consider the vector with components V" = (1,-1,0,0). Determine V and V. V.
(b) Consider now the coordinate system x' (u, v, y, z) such that
u =t-x,
v=t+x.
[2 marks]
Write down the line element, the metric, the Christoffel symbols and the Riemann curvature
tensor in the new coordinates. [See the Appendix of this document.]
[5 marks]
(c) Determine V", that is, write the object in question A1.a in the coordinate system x'. Verify
explicitly that V. V is invariant under the coordinate transformation.
Question A2
[5 marks]
Suppose that A, is a covector field, and consider the object
Fv=AAμ.
(a) Show explicitly that F is a tensor, that is, show that it transforms appropriately under a
coordinate transformation.
[5 marks]
(b)…
Chapter 22 Solutions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Volume 2
Ch. 22.1 - Three objects are brought close to each other, two...Ch. 22.2 - Three objects are brought close to one another,...Ch. 22.3 - Object A has a charge of +2 C, and object B has a...Ch. 22.4 - A test charge of +3 C is at a point P where an...Ch. 22.5 - Rank the magnitudes of the electric field at...Ch. 22 - Find to three significant digits the charge and...Ch. 22 - (a) Find the magnitude of the electric force...Ch. 22 - In a thundercloud, there may be electric charges...Ch. 22 - Nobel laureate Richard Feynman (19181088) once...Ch. 22 - A 7.50-nC point charge is located 1.80 m from a...
Ch. 22 - This afternoon, you have a physics symposium...Ch. 22 - Two small beads having positive charges q1 = 3q...Ch. 22 - Two small beads having charges q1 and q2 of the...Ch. 22 - Review. In the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom,...Ch. 22 - Three point charges lie along a straight line as...Ch. 22 - A point charge +2Q is at the origin and a point...Ch. 22 - Particle A of charge 3.00 104 C is at the origin,...Ch. 22 - Review. Two identical particles, each having...Ch. 22 - Why is the following situation impossible? Two...Ch. 22 - What are the magnitude and direction of the...Ch. 22 - Consider n equal positively charged particles each...Ch. 22 - Two equal positively charged particles are at...Ch. 22 - Two charged particles are located on the x axis....Ch. 22 - Three point charges are located on a circular arc...Ch. 22 - Two 2.00-C point charges are located on the x...Ch. 22 - Three point charges are arranged as shown in...Ch. 22 - Consider the electric dipole shown in Figure...Ch. 22 - Three equal positive charges q are at the corners...Ch. 22 - A proton accelerates from rest in a uniform...Ch. 22 - A proton moves at 4.50 105 m/s in the horizontal...Ch. 22 - Protons are projected with an initial speed vi =...Ch. 22 - You are still fascinated by the process of inkjet...Ch. 22 - You are working on a research project in which you...Ch. 22 - Consider an infinite number of identical...Ch. 22 - A particle with charge 3.00 nC is at the origin,...Ch. 22 - A small block of mass m and charge Q is placed on...Ch. 22 - A small sphere of charge q1 = 0.800 C hangs from...Ch. 22 - A charged cork ball of mass 1.00 g is suspended on...Ch. 22 - A charged cork ball of mass m is suspended on a...Ch. 22 - Three charged particles are aligned along the x...Ch. 22 - Two point charges qA = 12.0 C and qB = 45.0 C and...Ch. 22 - Two small spheres hang in equilibrium at the...Ch. 22 - Four identical charged particles (q = +10.0 C) are...Ch. 22 - Review. Two identical blocks resting on a...Ch. 22 - Review. Two identical blocks resting on a...Ch. 22 - Three identical point charges, each of mass m =...Ch. 22 - Why is the following situation impossible? An...Ch. 22 - Two hard rubber spheres, each of mass m = 15.0 g,...Ch. 22 - Two identical beads each have a mass m and charge...Ch. 22 - Two small spheres of mass m are suspended from...Ch. 22 - You are working as an expert witness for an...Ch. 22 - Review. A 1.00-g cork ball with charge 2.00 C is...Ch. 22 - Eight charged panicles, each of magnitude q, are...Ch. 22 - Two particles, each with charge 52.0 nC, are...Ch. 22 - Review. An electric dipole in a uniform horizontal...
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