Chapter 22, Problem 22.28P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given nitration reaction, orientation of the reaction has to be accounted.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups.  The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups.  The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given substitution reaction in step 2, reaction mechanism has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Activating and deactivating groups:

The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.

Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups.  The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.

Deactivating groups – meta directing groups.  The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.