The major sources and sinks of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and to identify the sources that recycle rapidly. Introduction: The biogeochemical cycle refers to a pathway through which essential elements of living matter get circulated. The elements in these pathways flow in various forms from the non-living to the living components of the biosphere. Reservoirs are the regions of the biosphere that possess a significant amount of the element required for life. They acts as a source for living organisms, as well as a sink, to which the element returns.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The major sources and sinks of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and to identify the sources that recycle rapidly.

Introduction:

The biogeochemical cycle refers to a pathway through which essential elements of living matter get circulated. The elements in these pathways flow in various forms from the non-living to the living components of the biosphere. Reservoirs are the regions of the biosphere that possess a significant amount of the element required for life. They acts as a source for living organisms, as well as a sink, to which the element returns.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The cycling of a particular nutrient does not take place efficiently on the surface of the Earth. The cycling of a nutrient takes place efficiently below the crust of the Earth. The dead and decayed organisms form fossils and enable the rapid conversion of organic carbon into its inorganic form. Thus, the cycling of carbon can most rapidly take place. The major sources and sinks of the above-mentioned nutrients are listed below:

Major source and sink of carbon:

Source: The major sources of carbon are emissions from forest fires, burning of fossil fuels, and respiration. The largest reservoir of carbon is comprised of the carbonate rock. The biospheric carbon can be found as methane produced by methanogens, as carbon dioxide produced by respiration, and fermentation.

Sink: The main carbon sink is the plants, the ocean, and soil. The atmosphere acts like a sink for carbon dioxide that is generated by heterotrophy and by geological outgassing from volcanoes.

Major source and sink of nitrogen:

Source: The major source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere where dinitrogen constitutes approx 70% of air. Its sources may also include agricultural land, livestock and poultry, and agricultural emissions because of the increased use of fertilizers in agricultural soils.

Sink- The primary sink of nitrogen is the nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is fixed into ammonia by bacteria and Archaea. The denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate back into nitrogen to return it to the atmosphere.

Major source and sink of sulfur:

Source- The major source of sulfur is the volcanoes that release a large amount of sulfur dioxide into the air and human combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Sink- Sulfur is not present in huge quantities in the atmosphere. It is present within the oceans and other water bodies, which act as the major sink of sulfur.

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Students have asked these similar questions

A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The major sources and sinks of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and to identify the sources that recycle rapidly.

Introduction:

The biogeochemical cycle refers to a pathway through which essential elements of living matter get circulated. The elements in these pathways flow in various forms from the non-living to the living components of the biosphere. Reservoirs are the regions of the biosphere that possess a significant amount of the element required for life. They acts as a source for living organisms, as well as a sink, to which the element returns.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The cycling of a particular nutrient does not take place efficiently on the surface of the Earth. The cycling of a nutrient takes place efficiently below the crust of the Earth. The dead and decayed organisms form fossils and enable the rapid conversion of organic carbon into its inorganic form. Thus, the cycling of carbon can most rapidly take place. The major sources and sinks of the above-mentioned nutrients are listed below:

Major source and sink of carbon:

Source: The major sources of carbon are emissions from forest fires, burning of fossil fuels, and respiration. The largest reservoir of carbon is comprised of the carbonate rock. The biospheric carbon can be found as methane produced by methanogens, as carbon dioxide produced by respiration, and fermentation.

Sink: The main carbon sink is the plants, the ocean, and soil. The atmosphere acts like a sink for carbon dioxide that is generated by heterotrophy and by geological outgassing from volcanoes.

Major source and sink of nitrogen:

Source: The major source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere where dinitrogen constitutes approx 70% of air. Its sources may also include agricultural land, livestock and poultry, and agricultural emissions because of the increased use of fertilizers in agricultural soils.

Sink- The primary sink of nitrogen is the nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is fixed into ammonia by bacteria and Archaea. The denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate back into nitrogen to return it to the atmosphere.

Major source and sink of sulfur:

Source- The major source of sulfur is the volcanoes that release a large amount of sulfur dioxide into the air and human combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Sink- Sulfur is not present in huge quantities in the atmosphere. It is present within the oceans and other water bodies, which act as the major sink of sulfur.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The major sources and sinks of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and to identify the sources that recycle rapidly.

Introduction:

The biogeochemical cycle refers to a pathway through which essential elements of living matter get circulated. The elements in these pathways flow in various forms from the non-living to the living components of the biosphere. Reservoirs are the regions of the biosphere that possess a significant amount of the element required for life. They acts as a source for living organisms, as well as a sink, to which the element returns.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The cycling of a particular nutrient does not take place efficiently on the surface of the Earth. The cycling of a nutrient takes place efficiently below the crust of the Earth. The dead and decayed organisms form fossils and enable the rapid conversion of organic carbon into its inorganic form. Thus, the cycling of carbon can most rapidly take place. The major sources and sinks of the above-mentioned nutrients are listed below:

Major source and sink of carbon:

Source: The major sources of carbon are emissions from forest fires, burning of fossil fuels, and respiration. The largest reservoir of carbon is comprised of the carbonate rock. The biospheric carbon can be found as methane produced by methanogens, as carbon dioxide produced by respiration, and fermentation.

Sink: The main carbon sink is the plants, the ocean, and soil. The atmosphere acts like a sink for carbon dioxide that is generated by heterotrophy and by geological outgassing from volcanoes.

Major source and sink of nitrogen:

Source: The major source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere where dinitrogen constitutes approx 70% of air. Its sources may also include agricultural land, livestock and poultry, and agricultural emissions because of the increased use of fertilizers in agricultural soils.

Sink- The primary sink of nitrogen is the nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is fixed into ammonia by bacteria and Archaea. The denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate back into nitrogen to return it to the atmosphere.

Major source and sink of sulfur:

Source- The major source of sulfur is the volcanoes that release a large amount of sulfur dioxide into the air and human combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Sink- Sulfur is not present in huge quantities in the atmosphere. It is present within the oceans and other water bodies, which act as the major sink of sulfur.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The major sources and sinks of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and to identify the sources that recycle rapidly.

Introduction:

The biogeochemical cycle refers to a pathway through which essential elements of living matter get circulated. The elements in these pathways flow in various forms from the non-living to the living components of the biosphere. Reservoirs are the regions of the biosphere that possess a significant amount of the element required for life. They acts as a source for living organisms, as well as a sink, to which the element returns.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The cycling of a particular nutrient does not take place efficiently on the surface of the Earth. The cycling of a nutrient takes place efficiently below the crust of the Earth. The dead and decayed organisms form fossils and enable the rapid conversion of organic carbon into its inorganic form. Thus, the cycling of carbon can most rapidly take place. The major sources and sinks of the above-mentioned nutrients are listed below:

Major source and sink of carbon:

Source: The major sources of carbon are emissions from forest fires, burning of fossil fuels, and respiration. The largest reservoir of carbon is comprised of the carbonate rock. The biospheric carbon can be found as methane produced by methanogens, as carbon dioxide produced by respiration, and fermentation.

Sink: The main carbon sink is the plants, the ocean, and soil. The atmosphere acts like a sink for carbon dioxide that is generated by heterotrophy and by geological outgassing from volcanoes.

Major source and sink of nitrogen:

Source: The major source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere where dinitrogen constitutes approx 70% of air. Its sources may also include agricultural land, livestock and poultry, and agricultural emissions because of the increased use of fertilizers in agricultural soils.

Sink- The primary sink of nitrogen is the nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is fixed into ammonia by bacteria and Archaea. The denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate back into nitrogen to return it to the atmosphere.

Major source and sink of sulfur:

Source- The major source of sulfur is the volcanoes that release a large amount of sulfur dioxide into the air and human combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Sink- Sulfur is not present in huge quantities in the atmosphere. It is present within the oceans and other water bodies, which act as the major sink of sulfur.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The major sources and sinks of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and to identify the sources that recycle rapidly.

Introduction:

The biogeochemical cycle refers to a pathway through which essential elements of living matter get circulated. The elements in these pathways flow in various forms from the non-living to the living components of the biosphere. Reservoirs are the regions of the biosphere that possess a significant amount of the element required for life. They acts as a source for living organisms, as well as a sink, to which the element returns.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The cycling of a particular nutrient does not take place efficiently on the surface of the Earth. The cycling of a nutrient takes place efficiently below the crust of the Earth. The dead and decayed organisms form fossils and enable the rapid conversion of organic carbon into its inorganic form. Thus, the cycling of carbon can most rapidly take place. The major sources and sinks of the above-mentioned nutrients are listed below:

Major source and sink of carbon:

Source: The major sources of carbon are emissions from forest fires, burning of fossil fuels, and respiration. The largest reservoir of carbon is comprised of the carbonate rock. The biospheric carbon can be found as methane produced by methanogens, as carbon dioxide produced by respiration, and fermentation.

Sink: The main carbon sink is the plants, the ocean, and soil. The atmosphere acts like a sink for carbon dioxide that is generated by heterotrophy and by geological outgassing from volcanoes.

Major source and sink of nitrogen:

Source: The major source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere where dinitrogen constitutes approx 70% of air. Its sources may also include agricultural land, livestock and poultry, and agricultural emissions because of the increased use of fertilizers in agricultural soils.

Sink- The primary sink of nitrogen is the nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is fixed into ammonia by bacteria and Archaea. The denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate back into nitrogen to return it to the atmosphere.

Major source and sink of sulfur:

Source- The major source of sulfur is the volcanoes that release a large amount of sulfur dioxide into the air and human combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Sink- Sulfur is not present in huge quantities in the atmosphere. It is present within the oceans and other water bodies, which act as the major sink of sulfur.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The major sources and sinks of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and to identify the sources that recycle rapidly.

Introduction:

The biogeochemical cycle refers to a pathway through which essential elements of living matter get circulated. The elements in these pathways flow in various forms from the non-living to the living components of the biosphere. Reservoirs are the regions of the biosphere that possess a significant amount of the element required for life. They acts as a source for living organisms, as well as a sink, to which the element returns.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The cycling of a particular nutrient does not take place efficiently on the surface of the Earth. The cycling of a nutrient takes place efficiently below the crust of the Earth. The dead and decayed organisms form fossils and enable the rapid conversion of organic carbon into its inorganic form. Thus, the cycling of carbon can most rapidly take place. The major sources and sinks of the above-mentioned nutrients are listed below:

Major source and sink of carbon:

Source: The major sources of carbon are emissions from forest fires, burning of fossil fuels, and respiration. The largest reservoir of carbon is comprised of the carbonate rock. The biospheric carbon can be found as methane produced by methanogens, as carbon dioxide produced by respiration, and fermentation.

Sink: The main carbon sink is the plants, the ocean, and soil. The atmosphere acts like a sink for carbon dioxide that is generated by heterotrophy and by geological outgassing from volcanoes.

Major source and sink of nitrogen:

Source: The major source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere where dinitrogen constitutes approx 70% of air. Its sources may also include agricultural land, livestock and poultry, and agricultural emissions because of the increased use of fertilizers in agricultural soils.

Sink- The primary sink of nitrogen is the nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is fixed into ammonia by bacteria and Archaea. The denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate back into nitrogen to return it to the atmosphere.

Major source and sink of sulfur:

Source- The major source of sulfur is the volcanoes that release a large amount of sulfur dioxide into the air and human combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Sink- Sulfur is not present in huge quantities in the atmosphere. It is present within the oceans and other water bodies, which act as the major sink of sulfur.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To review:

The major sources and sinks of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and to identify the sources that recycle rapidly.

Introduction:

The biogeochemical cycle refers to a pathway through which essential elements of living matter get circulated. The elements in these pathways flow in various forms from the non-living to the living components of the biosphere. Reservoirs are the regions of the biosphere that possess a significant amount of the element required for life. They acts as a source for living organisms, as well as a sink, to which the element returns.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The cycling of a particular nutrient does not take place efficiently on the surface of the Earth. The cycling of a nutrient takes place efficiently below the crust of the Earth. The dead and decayed organisms form fossils and enable the rapid conversion of organic carbon into its inorganic form. Thus, the cycling of carbon can most rapidly take place. The major sources and sinks of the above-mentioned nutrients are listed below:

Major source and sink of carbon:

Source: The major sources of carbon are emissions from forest fires, burning of fossil fuels, and respiration. The largest reservoir of carbon is comprised of the carbonate rock. The biospheric carbon can be found as methane produced by methanogens, as carbon dioxide produced by respiration, and fermentation.

Sink: The main carbon sink is the plants, the ocean, and soil. The atmosphere acts like a sink for carbon dioxide that is generated by heterotrophy and by geological outgassing from volcanoes.

Major source and sink of nitrogen:

Source: The major source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere where dinitrogen constitutes approx 70% of air. Its sources may also include agricultural land, livestock and poultry, and agricultural emissions because of the increased use of fertilizers in agricultural soils.

Sink- The primary sink of nitrogen is the nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is fixed into ammonia by bacteria and Archaea. The denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate back into nitrogen to return it to the atmosphere.

Major source and sink of sulfur:

Source- The major source of sulfur is the volcanoes that release a large amount of sulfur dioxide into the air and human combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas.

Sink- Sulfur is not present in huge quantities in the atmosphere. It is present within the oceans and other water bodies, which act as the major sink of sulfur.