Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted. Concept Introduction: The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair. Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital. Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy. The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule. The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space. If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp 3 hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral. If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp 2 hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar. If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear. s p 3 hybridized = tetrahedral. trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present). bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present). s p 2 hybridized = trigonal planar s p hybridized = linear

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2.13, Problem 31PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

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(a 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters, al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter. A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation. B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your prediction using the van Deemter terms. C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33? Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of this figure. Figure 4 SEM images of sections of packed columns for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d. capillary columns.³

fcrip = ↓ bandwidth Il temp 32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening? Increase temperature Longer column Using a gas mobile phase instead of liquid Smaller particle stationary phase Multiple Paths Diffusion Mass Transfer

34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.). A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth. B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer. Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles. 35 20 H(um) 큰 20 15 90 0+ 1500 100 75 550 01 02 594 05 μ(cm/sec) 30 15 10

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2.13, Problem 31PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2.13, Problem 31PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2.13, Problem 31PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

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Answer 5

Chapter 2.13, Problem 31PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

Answer 6

Chapter 2.13, Problem 31PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

Answer 7

Chapter 2.13, Problem 31PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of σ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

sp3 hybridized =    tetrahedral.

  trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

  bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

sp2 hybridized =    trigonal planar

sp hybridized =    linear

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1PTS Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2ATS Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 2LTS Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 3PTS Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 4ATS Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 3LTS Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 5PTS Ch. 2.2 - Certain compounds that are alternatives to fossil...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 7CC

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