Chapter 2.13, Problem 31PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of $\sigma$ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

$s{p}^3$ hybridized =    tetrahedral.

    trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

    bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

$s{p}^2$ hybridized =    trigonal planar

$sp$ hybridized =    linear

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of $\sigma$ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

$s{p}^3$ hybridized =    tetrahedral.

    trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

    bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

$s{p}^2$ hybridized =    trigonal planar

$sp$ hybridized =    linear

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lone pair has to be identified, lone pairs are delocalized or not have to be indicated and also geometry has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Resonance is an electron displacement effect for stabilizing a molecule through delocalization of bonding electrons in the pi orbital.

Delocalized electrons stabilize a compound. The extra stability gains from having delocalized electrons are called resonance stabilization or resonance energy.

The steric number is the combination of both number of $\sigma$ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

$s{p}^3$ hybridized =    tetrahedral.

    trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

    bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

$s{p}^2$ hybridized =    trigonal planar

$sp$ hybridized =    linear