The significant resonant structures have to be drawn. Concept Introduction: Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures. The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy. Curved arrows: The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow. A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going. Lone pair: A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2.10, Problem 18CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

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There is an instrument in Johnson 334 that measures total-reflectance x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to do elemental analysis (i.e., determine what elements are present in a sample). A researcher is preparing a to measure calcium content in a series of well water samples by TXRF with an internal standard of vanadium (atomic symbol: V). She has prepared a series of standard solutions to ensure a linear instrument response over the expected Ca concentration range of 40-80 ppm. The concentrations of Ca and V (ppm) and the instrument response (peak area, arbitrary units) are shown below. Also included is a sample spectrum. Equation 1 describes the response factor, K, relating the analyte signal (SA) and the standard signal (SIS) to their respective concentrations (CA and CIS). Ca, ppm V, ppm SCa, arb. units SV, arb. units 20.0 10.0 14375.11 14261.02 40.0 10.0 36182.15 17997.10 60.0 10.0 39275.74 12988.01 80.0 10.0 57530.75 14268.54 100.0…

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2.10, Problem 18CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2.10, Problem 18CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2.10, Problem 18CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

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Answer 5

Chapter 2.10, Problem 18CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 6

Chapter 2.10, Problem 18CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 7

Chapter 2.10, Problem 18CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 20

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 21

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The significant resonant structures have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Resonance is a method to relating to describe about delocalized electrons inside certain molecules or polyatomic ions where the Lewis structure can’t be expressed. A molecule or ion containing delocalized electrons can be represented by using several similar structures such structures are called as resonance structures or canonical structures.

The delocalization of electron lowers the potential energy of the substance and making it more stable than any of the contributing structures. The variation in the potential energy of the actual structure and that of resemblance structure with lowest potential energy is known as resonance energy or delocalization energy.

Curved arrows:

The necessary tools to draw perfect resonance structure are curved arrows. Curved arrows don’t represent the flow of electrons. A tail and a head can be seen in curved arrow.

A head and tail of every arrow are to be drawn in the exact location. The tail represents where the electrons are originated, and the head represents the place where the electrons are going.

Lone pair:

A lone pair is given by a pair of outer most electrons that are not shared with another atom, otherwise called as non bonding pair. These are generally found in the valence shell of atom and are identified by Lewis structure. Pairs of electrons are considered as lone pairs when two electrons are paired and are not participated in chemical bonding. The sum of number of lone pairs and number of bonding electrons equals the total number of outermost electrons around an atom.

Answer 22

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 23

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 24

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Answer 25

Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 3ATS Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 2LTS Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 4PTS Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 6ATS Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 3LTS Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 9ATS Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 4LTS Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 11PTS Ch. 2.9 - Prob. 6LTS

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Chapter 2 Solutions