Chapter 21, Problem 57E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of unpaired electrons in the given complex ions is to be calculated.

Concept introduction: Weak field ligand that has small crystal field splitting energy gives high spin due to the presence of maximum unpaired electrons in lower energy ${\text{t}}_{\text{2g}}$ orbitals and higher energy orbitals.

Strong field ligand that has large crystal field splitting energy gives low spin due to the presence of maximum paired electrons in lower energy ${\text{t}}_{\text{2g}}$ orbitals.

To determine: The number of unpaired electrons in $\text{Ru}{\left(\text{NH3}\right)}_{\text{6}}{}^{\text{2+}}$ (low spin).

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of unpaired electrons in the given complex ions is to be calculated.

Concept introduction: Weak field ligand that has small crystal field splitting energy gives high spin due to the presence of maximum unpaired electrons in lower energy ${\text{t}}_{\text{2g}}$ orbitals and higher energy orbitals.

Strong field ligand that has large crystal field splitting energy gives low spin due to the presence of maximum paired electrons in lower energy ${\text{t}}_{\text{2g}}$ orbitals.

To determine: The number of unpaired electrons in $\text{Ni}{\left({\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}\right)}_{\text{6}}{}^{\text{2+}}$.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The number of unpaired electrons in the given complex ions is to be calculated.

Concept introduction: Weak field ligand that has small crystal field splitting energy gives high spin due to the presence of maximum unpaired electrons in lower energy ${\text{t}}_{\text{2g}}$ orbitals and higher energy orbitals.

Strong field ligand that has large crystal field splitting energy gives low spin due to the presence of maximum paired electrons in lower energy ${\text{t}}_{\text{2g}}$ orbitals.

To determine: The number of unpaired electrons in $\text{V}{\left(\text{en}\right)}_{\text{3}}{}^{\text{3+}}$.